{"id":75252,"date":"2020-01-08T15:00:09","date_gmt":"2020-01-08T09:30:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/?p=75252"},"modified":"2020-01-08T15:00:09","modified_gmt":"2020-01-08T09:30:09","slug":"r-matrix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-matrix\/","title":{"rendered":"R Matrix – How to create, name and modify matrices in R?"},"content":{"rendered":"

In this TechVidvan tutorial, you will explore a matrix in R with examples. You will learn to create, modify, and access R matrix components.<\/strong><\/p>\n

A matrix is a two-dimensional<\/strong>, homogeneous<\/strong> data structure in R. This means that it has two dimensions, rows and columns.<\/p>\n

A matrix can store<\/strong> data of a single basic type<\/strong> (numeric, logical, character, etc.). Therefore, a matrix can be a combination of two or more vectors.<\/p>\n

In this article, we will learn about matrices in R. We will explore the various methods to create matrices and also learn how to access their elements and how to modify them.<\/p>\n

We will also look at how to convert vectors into matrices and vice versa. Finally, we will look at how R handles matrix arithmetic.<\/p>\n

How to create a matrix in R?<\/h2>\n

We can create matrics using the matrix()<\/code><\/strong> function. The syntax of the matrix()<\/code> <\/strong>function is:<\/p>\n

matrix(data,byrow,nrow,ncol,dimnames)<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n

The arguments in the matrix function are the following:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. data<\/strong> – data contains the elements in the R matrix.<\/li>\n
  2. byrow<\/strong> – byrow is a logical variable. Matrices are by default column-wise. By setting byrow as TRUE, we can arrange the data row-wise in the matrix.<\/li>\n
  3. nrow<\/strong> – defines the number of rows in the R matrix.<\/li>\n
  4. ncol<\/strong> – defines the number of columns in the R matrix.<\/li>\n
  5. dimnames<\/strong> – takes two character arrays as input for row names and column names.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    1. Using matrix() Function<\/h3>\n

    Here is an example of creating a matrix with the matrix()<\/code><\/strong> function:<\/p>\n

    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    > mat1.data <- c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)\n> mat1 <- matrix(mat1.data,nrow=3,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE)\n> mat1<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \"creating<\/a><\/p>\n
    Note –<\/strong> It is not necessary to specify both nrow<\/code><\/strong> and ncol.<\/code><\/strong> Only one of the two is required. R calculated the other based on the length of the data. For example:<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2.data <- c(10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18)\n> mat2 <- matrix(mat2.data,nrow=3)\n> mat2<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \"creating<\/a><\/p>\n
    Note-<\/strong> Notice how without the<\/em> byrow=TRUE<\/code><\/strong> argument, the matrix<\/em> mat2<\/code><\/strong> is column-wise.<\/em><\/p>\n
    2. Using rbind() or cbind() Function<\/h3>\n
    Another way of creating an R matrix is to combine vectors as rows or columns using the rbind()<\/code><\/strong> or cbind()<\/code><\/strong> functions. For example:<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat3.data1 <- c(1,2,3)\n> mat3.data2 <- c(4,5,6)\n> mat3.data3 <- c(7,8,9)\n> mat3 <- cbind(mat3.data1,mat3.data2,mat3.data3)\n> mat3<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \"creating<\/a>Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat4 <- rbind(mat3.data1,mat3.data2,mat3.data3)\n> mat4<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \"creating<\/a><\/p>\n
    3. Using dim() Function<\/h3>\n
    We can also create an R matrix by changing a vector\u2019s dimensions using the dim()<\/code><\/strong> function. For example:<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat5 <- c(2,3,5,9)\n> mat5<\/pre>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > dim(mat5) <- c(2,2)\n> mat5<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \"creating<\/a><\/p>\n
    How to name the rows and columns of an R matrix?<\/h3>\n
    It is possible to name the rows and columns of the matrix during creation with the dimnames<\/code><\/strong> argument of the matrix()<\/code><\/strong> function. For example:<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > rnames <- c(\"row1\",\"row2\",\"row3\")\n> cnames <- c(\"col1\",\"col2\",\"col3\")\n> named_matrix <- matrix(mat1.data,nrow=3,byrow=TRUE,dimnames=list(rnames,cnames))\n> named_matrix<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \"naming<\/a><\/p>\n
    We can also name the rows and columns of an R matrix after its creation by using the rownames()<\/code><\/strong> or colnames()<\/code><\/strong> functions. For example:<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > rownames(mat1) <- c(\"r1\",\"r2\",\"r3\")\n> colnames(mat1) <- c(\"c1\",\"c2\",\"c3\")\n> mat1<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \"naming<\/a><\/p>\n
    How to access individual components of the R matrix?<\/h3>\n
    We can access the elements of a matrix named mat using square brackets as mat[row, col]<\/code><\/strong>, where row and col are the vectors. We can use the vector indexing techniques to index a matrix, similar to vector indexing.<\/p>\n
    Using integer vectors<\/h4>\n
    We can specify the needed row and column numbers in vectors and use them to index a matrix. If we leave the row or column field blank inside the square brackets, R selects all the rows\/columns. We can also use negative integers to exclude rows or columns. If we select a single row or column this way, the result is a vector and not a matrix. We can use the drop=FALSE<\/code><\/strong> argument to avoid this behavior.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2[1,2] #first row second column of mat2<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    [1] 13<\/div>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2[c(1,3),c(2,3)] #first and third row and second and third column<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 [,1]\u00a0 \u00a0[,2]
    \n[1,]\u00a0 \u00a0 13\u00a0 \u00a016
    \n[2,]\u00a0 \u00a0 15\u00a0 \u00a018<\/div>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2[2, ] #second row of mat2<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    [1] 11 14 17<\/div>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2[2, , drop=FALSE] #second row of mat2 with drop=FALSE<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0[,1]\u00a0 \u00a0[,2]\u00a0 \u00a0[,3]
    \n[1,]\u00a0 \u00a011\u00a0 \u00a014\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a017<\/div>\n
    \"indexing<\/a><\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2[c(-1),c(-2,-3),drop=FALSE] #first row and second and third column are excluded<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \"indexing<\/a><\/p>\n
    Using logical vectors<\/h4>\n
    We can use logical vectors of the same lengths as the matrix\u2019s dimensions to specify the rows and columns needed. This excludes the row\/columns corresponding to FALSE<\/code><\/strong> and includes the one corresponding to TRUE<\/code>.<\/strong><\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2[c(TRUE,FALSE,TRUE),c(FALSE,TRUE,TRUE)]<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong>
    \n    \"indexing<\/a><\/p>\n
    When using logical vectors for indexing, R recycles the vector, if the length of the indexing vector is not equal to the matrix\u2019s dimensions.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2[c(TRUE,FALSE),c(FALSE,TRUE,TRUE)] #the row vector is recycled to 3 elements.<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong>
    \n\"<\/a><\/p>\n
    Using character vectors<\/h4>\n
    For matrices with named rows and columns, we can use the row and column names to access elements of the R matrix.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > named_matrix[c(\"row1\",\"row2\"),c(\"col2\",\"col3\")]<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \"indexing<\/a><\/p>\n
    Using combination of indexing<\/h4>\n
    We can also use these indexing techniques in combination with one another as well.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2[c(1,3),c(T,F)]<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    [,1]\u00a0 \u00a0[,2]
    \n[1,]\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a010\u00a0 \u00a0 16
    \n[2,]\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a012\u00a0 \u00a018<\/div>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2[c(1,2),-3]<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    [,1]\u00a0 [,2]
    \n[1,]\u00a0 \u00a0 10\u00a0 \u00a013
    \n[2,]\u00a0 \u00a0 11\u00a0 \u00a014<\/div>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > named_matrix[c(\"row2\",\"row3\"),c(1,2)]<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    col1\u00a0 col2
    \nrow2\u00a0 \u00a0 4\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a05
    \nrow3\u00a0 \u00a0 7\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a08<\/div>\n
    \"indexing<\/a><\/p>\n
    We can index the R matrix with a single vector. When using this technique, the result is a vector formed by stacking the columns of the matrix one after another.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2[c(3,4,5,6,7)]<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong>
    \n    \"indexing<\/a><\/p>\n
    How to modify a matrix in R?<\/h3>\n
    We modify the R matrix by using the various indexing techniques along with the assignment operator.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2[c(1), ] <- c(1,2,3)\n> mat2<\/pre>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2[mat2%%2!=0] <- 1 #elements not divisible by 2 are relaced with 1\n> mat2<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \"modifying<\/a><\/p>\n
    We can add a row or column by storing the new row\/column in a vector and using the rbind()<\/code><\/strong> or cbind()<\/code><\/strong> functions to combine them with the matrix.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2 <- cbind(mat2,c(1,2,3))\n> mat2<\/pre>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat2 <- rbind(mat2,c(4,5,6,7))\n> mat2<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \"modifying<\/a><\/p>\n
    Transposing a matrix is very easy in R<\/a>. We simply use the t()<\/code><\/strong> function.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > t(mat1)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong>
    \n    \"matrices<\/a><\/p>\n
    How to perform arithmetic operations in R matrix?<\/h3>\n
    We can use the R operators to perform various arithmetic operations on matrices. The results of these operations are also matrices. We can add, subtract, multiply or divide matrices with constants.<\/p>\n
    Multiplication:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat1*5<\/pre>\n
    Addition:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat1+2<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong>
    \n    \"R<\/a>Subtraction:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat1-1<\/pre>\n
    Division:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat1\/2<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \"matrmatrix<\/a><\/p>\n
    We can also add, subtract, multiply or divide matrices with other matrices within the rules of matrix arithmetic.<\/p>\n
    Addition of matrices:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat_add <- mat1+mat3\n> mat_add<\/pre>\n
    Subtraction of matrices:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat_sub <- mat1-mat3\n> mat_sub<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong>
    \n    \"R<\/a><\/p>\n
    Multiplication of matrices:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat_mul <- mat1*mat3\n> mat_mul<\/pre>\n
    Division of matrices:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    > mat_div <- mat1\/mat3\n> mat_div<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong>
    \n    \"R<\/a><\/p>\n
    Summary<\/h2>\n
    Matrices are homogeneous data structures in R. They can only store data of a single basic data type.<\/p>\n
    Matrices are vectors with two-dimensions. If confused with vectors, get a complete understanding of R vector<\/a><\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n
    In this article, we learned about R matrices and their role in the R programming language.<\/p>\n
    We learned how to create them and how to name their rows and columns. We also learned how to access their elements and how to modify them. Finally, we learned how basic matrix arithmetic works in R.<\/p>\n
    We hope that this article clearly explained the basics of matrices in the R programming language to you.<\/p>\n
    Keep Learning!!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    In this TechVidvan tutorial, you will explore a matrix in R with examples. You will learn to create, modify, and access R matrix components. A matrix is a two-dimensional, homogeneous data structure in R....<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":75360,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1020],"tags":[1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1253,1274],"class_list":["post-75252","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-r","tag-make-a-matrix-in-r","tag-matrix-function-in-r","tag-modify-r-matrix","tag-r-identity-matrix","tag-r-matrices","tag-r-matrix","tag-transpose-in-r"],"yoast_head":"\nR Matrix - How to create, name and modify matrices in R? - TechVidvan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"R matrix - Learn to create a matrix,name the rows and columns, access individual components, modify elements, & perform arithmetic operations in R matrices.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-matrix\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"R Matrix - How to create, name and modify matrices in R? 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