{"id":75329,"date":"2020-01-21T10:44:30","date_gmt":"2020-01-21T05:14:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/?p=75329"},"modified":"2020-01-21T10:44:30","modified_gmt":"2020-01-21T05:14:30","slug":"python-built-in-functions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/python-built-in-functions\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Built-in Functions – Learn the functions with syntax and examples"},"content":{"rendered":"

In this article, we are going to see all the pre-defined functions<\/strong> that are available in Python.<\/p>\n

You have already used some of the Python built-in functions<\/strong>, for example, the print() function<\/strong> is used to output<\/strong> a string<\/strong> on the console<\/strong>. As of now, the latest version of Python 3.8 has 69 built-in functions<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

We will go through each of them.<\/p>\n

Python Built-in Functions<\/h3>\n

The Python interpreter contains a number of functions<\/strong> that are always available<\/strong> to use anywhere in the program. These functions are built-in<\/strong> functions.<\/p>\n

Below is the list of all the available built-in functions in chronological order<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

List of Python Built-in Functions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
abs()<\/span><\/td>\nenumerate()<\/span><\/td>\niter()<\/span><\/td>\nreversed()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
all()<\/span><\/td>\neval()<\/span><\/td>\nlen()<\/span><\/td>\nround()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
any()<\/span><\/td>\nexec()<\/span><\/td>\nlist()<\/span><\/td>\nset()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ascii()<\/span><\/td>\nfilter()<\/span><\/td>\nlocals()<\/span><\/td>\nsetattr()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bin()<\/span><\/td>\nfloat()<\/span><\/td>\nmap()<\/span><\/td>\nslice()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bool()<\/span><\/td>\nformat()<\/span><\/td>\nmax()<\/span><\/td>\nsorted()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
breakpoint()<\/span><\/td>\nfrozenset()<\/span><\/td>\nmemoryview()<\/span><\/td>\nstaticmethod()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bytearray()<\/span><\/td>\ngetattr()<\/span><\/td>\nmin()<\/span><\/td>\nstr()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bytes()<\/span><\/td>\nglobals()<\/span><\/td>\nnext()<\/span><\/td>\nsum()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
callable()<\/span><\/td>\nhasattr()<\/span><\/td>\nobject()<\/span><\/td>\nsuper()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
chr()<\/span><\/td>\nhash()<\/span><\/td>\noct()<\/span><\/td>\ntuple()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
classmethod()<\/span><\/td>\nhel<\/span>p()<\/span><\/td>\nop<\/span>en()<\/span><\/td>\ntype()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
compile()<\/span><\/td>\nhex()<\/span><\/td>\nord()<\/span><\/td>\nvars()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
complex()<\/span><\/td>\nid()<\/span><\/td>\npow()<\/span><\/td>\nzip()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
delattr()<\/span><\/td>\ninput()<\/span><\/td>\nprint()<\/span><\/td>\n__import__()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dict()<\/span><\/td>\nint()<\/span><\/td>\nproperty()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dir()<\/span><\/td>\nisinstance()<\/span><\/td>\nrange()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
divmod()<\/span><\/td>\nissubclass()<\/span><\/td>\nrepr()<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Here is a detailed explanation of built-in functions in Python<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

1. abs(x)<\/h3>\n

The abs() function<\/strong> returns the absolute value<\/strong> of the number which is the distance of a point<\/strong> from zero index<\/strong>. The argument x<\/strong> can be an integer<\/strong> or a floating-point value<\/strong>. In case of complex numbers, their magnitude<\/strong> is returned<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n

print( abs(4) )\nprint( abs(-2.5) )\nprint( abs(3j + 2) )<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
4
\n2.5
\n3.6055512754639896<\/div>\n
2. all(iterable<\/em>)<\/h3>\n
The all() function<\/strong> takes an iterable<\/strong> container as an argument<\/strong> and returns True<\/strong> when all elements<\/strong> of the iterable are True(or is empty)<\/strong> otherwise<\/strong> it returns False<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
print( all([]))\nprint( all([True, True, False]))\nprint( all({1,3,5,2}))<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
True
\nFalse
\nTrue<\/div>\n
3. any(iterable<\/em>)<\/h3>\n
The any() function<\/strong> takes an iterable<\/strong> container as an argument<\/strong> and returns True<\/strong> when one of the elements<\/strong> inside the iterable container is True<\/strong>, otherwise<\/strong>, it returns False<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
print( any([]) )\nprint( any([False, False, True, 1, 3]) )\nprint( any({10,20,30,40}) )<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
False
\nTrue
\nTrue<\/div>\n
4. ascii(object )<\/h3>\n
The ascii() function<\/strong> returns a printable representation<\/strong> of the object<\/strong>. It escapes the non-ASCII<\/strong> characters in the string<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
The string returned by ascii()<\/strong> is similar to the repr() function<\/strong> in Python2.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
ascii(2020)\nascii(\u2018a\u2019)\nascii(\u2018Hello \\n World\u2019)<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u20182020\u2019
\n\u201c\u2018a\u2019\u201d
\n“‘Hello \\\\n World'”<\/div>\n
5. bin(x)<\/h3>\n
The function bin()<\/strong> will convert an integer<\/strong> into its binary representation<\/strong> in string format<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Binary numbers<\/strong> are prefixed<\/strong> with \u20180b\u2019<\/strong>. It only takes integer numbers<\/strong> and giving a string<\/strong> or a float<\/strong> value<\/strong> to the function will result in an error<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
bin(12)\nbin(-12)<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
‘0b1100’
\n‘-0b1100’<\/div>\n
6. bool([x])<\/h3>\n
The bool()<\/strong> function returns a True<\/strong> or False<\/strong> by converting the argument into a boolean value<\/strong>. It returns True<\/strong> when the argument passed<\/strong> is True<\/strong> otherwise empty<\/strong> containers<\/strong> and False<\/strong> value will return False<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
bool(False)\nbool([])\nbool(20)\nbool({1,2,4})<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
False
\nFalse
\nTrue
\nTrue<\/div>\n
7. breakpoint(*args, **kws)<\/h3>\n
The breakpoint()<\/strong> function is introduced from Python 3.7<\/strong> and it helps in debugging<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
For example, when you use pdb<\/strong> debugger<\/strong> then you call<\/strong> the pdb.set_trace()<\/strong> in your program code<\/strong>. Then for a machine that has web-pdb debugger<\/strong> will have to change<\/strong> the code<\/strong> to web-pdb.set_trace()<\/strong> method.<\/p>\n
This becomes an overhead<\/strong> and for that, we have the breakpoint()<\/strong> method which allows us to write loosely coupled debugging code<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
msg = \u201cHi\u201d\nbreakpoint()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>
\nc:\\users\\Techvidvan\\appdata\\local\\programs\\python\\python37-32\\bp.py(4)<module>()
\n-> print(msg)
\n(Pdb) msg
\n‘Hi’
\n(Pdb)<\/div>\n
8. bytearray([source[, encoding[, errors]]])<\/h3>\n
It returns a mutable version<\/strong> of bytes array<\/strong> of integers between 0-256<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    \n
  • If an integer<\/strong> is passed, then it will return us an array of that size with null bytes<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
  • If a string<\/strong> is passed, then it is necessary to provide encoding<\/strong> in the second argument.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    bytearray(4)\nbytearray('abc','utf-8')\nbytearray([1,2,3])<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    bytearray(b’\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00′)
    \nbytearray(b’abc’)
    \nbytearray(b’\\x01\\x02\\x03′)<\/div>\n
    9. bytes([source[, encoding[, errors]]])<\/h3>\n
    The byte()<\/strong> function is similar to the bytearray()<\/strong> function. The only difference is that bytes() returns<\/strong> an immutable object<\/strong>. We cannot change elements<\/strong> of a bytes function.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    bytes(3)\nbytes([3,2,1])<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    b’\\x00\\x00\\x00′
    \nb’\\x03\\x02\\x01′<\/div>\n
    10. callable(Object)<\/h3>\n
    The callable function<\/strong> tells us whether an object<\/strong> is callable<\/strong> or not<\/strong>. It returns True<\/strong> when the argument passed is callable<\/strong> otherwise it returns False<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    User-defined<\/strong> and all the built-in<\/strong> functions<\/strong> are callable<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    callable(print)\ncallable([1,2,3])\ncallable(abs)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    True
    \nFalse
    \nTrue<\/div>\n
    11. chr(i)<\/h3>\n
    The function chr()<\/strong> is an inverse<\/strong> of ord()<\/strong> function. It takes unicode<\/strong> code<\/strong> point as an argument<\/strong> and returns<\/strong> the string representation<\/strong> of the character<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    The input range<\/strong> is from 0<\/strong> to 1,114,111<\/strong>. Outside of this range, it will raise an error<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    chr(65)\nchr(120)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \u2018A\u2019
    \n\u2018x\u2019<\/div>\n
    12. @classmethod()<\/h3>\n
    The @classmethod()<\/strong> is a decorator<\/strong> that is used to create class methods<\/strong> that will be passed<\/strong> on all the objects<\/strong> just like self is passed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Syntax:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    @classmethod()\ndef func(cls, args...):\n  ...<\/pre>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    class Person:\n\n    @classmethod\n    def display(cls):\n        print(\"Person's age is 42\")\n\n\nPerson.display()<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    Person\u2019s age is 42<\/div>\n
    13. compile(source, filename, mode)<\/h3>\n
    The compile()<\/strong> functions compiles<\/strong> the source code<\/strong> into an executable object<\/strong>. The object can be executed<\/strong> by using exec()<\/strong> or eval()<\/strong> functions<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    The first parameter is the source code<\/strong>, second is the filename<\/strong> and the third parameter is the mode<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    exec(compile('num1=10;num2=20;print(num1+num2);','', 'exec'))<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    30<\/div>\n
    14. complex([real[, imag]])<\/h3>\n
    The complex()<\/strong> function returns<\/strong> or converts<\/strong> a number<\/strong> into a complex number<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    The first argument<\/strong> is the real part<\/strong> of the complex number and the second argument(optional)<\/strong> is the imaginary part<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    complex(1,2)\ncomplex(5.5)\ncomplex(3+7j)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    (1+2j)
    \n(5.5+0j)
    \n(3+7j)<\/div>\n
    15. delattr(object, name)<\/h3>\n
    The delattr() function<\/strong> is used to delete<\/strong> an attribute<\/strong> of an object<\/strong>. It takes two arguments<\/strong>, the object from which you want to delete<\/strong> and the attribute name<\/strong> that you want to delete<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    You can only delete the attribute when you have permission<\/strong> for it.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    class Car:\n  color = \u2018Blue\u2019\n\nc = Car()\nprint(c.color)\ndelattr(c, \u2018color\u2019)\nprint(c.color)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    Blue
    \nTraceback (most recent call last):
    \n\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>File “C:\/Users\/Techvidvan\/AppData\/Local\/Programs\/Python\/Python37-32\/bp.py”, line 6, in <module>
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>delattr(c, ‘color’)
    \nAttributeError: color<\/div>\n
    16. dict()<\/h3>\n
    The dict()<\/strong> function returns<\/strong> or creates<\/strong> a new dictionary<\/strong> which is useful in mapping values<\/strong>. It takes an iterable<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    Numbers1 = dict(a=1, b=2, c=3, d=4)\nNumbers2 = dict([(\u2018a\u2019, 1), (\u2018b\u2019: 2), (\u2018c\u2019:3), (\u2018d\u2019:4) ])\nprint(Numbers1)\nprint(Numbers2)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    {\u2018a\u2019 : 1, \u2018b\u2019: 2, \u2018c\u2019:3, \u2018d\u2019:4 }
    \n{\u2018a\u2019 : 1, \u2018b\u2019: 2, \u2018c\u2019:3, \u2018d\u2019:4 }<\/div>\n
    17. dir([object])<\/h3>\n
    The dir()<\/strong> object returns a list of all the names<\/strong> of the current local scope<\/strong> if no argument<\/strong> is passed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    Variable1 = 10\nVariable2 = \u2018Hey\u2019\ndir()<\/pre>\n
    Output: <\/strong><\/p>\n
    [‘Variable1’, ‘Variable2’, ‘__annotations__’, ‘__builtins__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__loader__’, ‘__name__’, ‘__package__’, ‘__spec__’]<\/div>\n
    When we pass an object<\/strong> as an argument<\/strong> then it will return a list<\/strong> of all the valid attribute<\/strong> names<\/strong> of that object<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Let\u2019s see the attributes of a string<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    dir(str)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    [‘__add__’, ‘__class__’, ‘__contains__’, ‘__delattr__’, ‘__dir__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__eq__’, ‘__ge__’,’__format__’, ‘__getattribute__’, ‘__getitem__’, ‘__getnewargs__’, ‘__gt__’, ‘__hash__’, ‘__init__’, ‘__init_subclass__’, ‘__iter__’, ‘__le__’, ‘__len__’, ‘__lt__’, ‘__mod__’, ‘__mul__’, ‘__ne__’, ‘__new__’, ‘__reduce__’, ‘__repr__’, ‘__reduce_ex__’, ‘__rmod__’, ‘__rmul__’, ‘__setattr__’, ‘__sizeof__’, ‘__str__’, ‘__subclasshook__’, ‘capitalize’, ‘casefold’, ‘center’, ‘count’, ‘encode’, ‘endswith’, ‘expandtabs’, ‘find’, ‘format’, ‘format_map’, ‘index’, ‘isalnum’, ‘isdecimal’, ‘isalpha’, ‘isdigit’, ‘isidentifier’, ‘islower’, ‘isnumeric’, ‘isprintable’, ‘isspace’, ‘istitle’, ‘isupper’, ‘join’, ‘lstrip’, ‘ljust’, ‘lower’, ‘maketrans’, ‘partition’, ‘replace’, ‘rfind’, ‘rindex’, ‘rjust’, ‘rpartition’, ‘rsplit’, ‘rstrip’, ‘split’, ‘splitlines’, ‘startswith’, ‘strip’, ‘swapcase’, ‘title’, ‘translate’, ‘upper’, ‘zfill’]<\/div>\n
    18. divmod(a,b)<\/h3>\n
    The function divmod()<\/strong> takes two integer<\/strong> or float numbers<\/strong> as arguments<\/strong> and then returns<\/strong> a tuple<\/strong> whose first element<\/strong> is the quotient<\/strong> and second element<\/strong> is remainder<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    divmod(20,2)\ndivmod(48,5)\ndivmod(11,2.5)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    (10, 0)
    \n(9, 3)
    \n(4.0, 1.0)<\/div>\n
    19. enumerate(iterable, start=0)<\/h3>\n
    The function returns us an enumerate object<\/strong> which is used in loops<\/strong> to iterate<\/strong> over iterable objects<\/strong>. It is useful when we want to have a counter<\/strong> to calculate something<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    The numbers start<\/strong> from zero <\/strong>if you want to start with another number<\/strong> then you can specify<\/strong> that in the second argument<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    for i, countryin enumerate([\u2018USA\u2019, \u2018UK\u2019, \u2018NYC\u2019, \u2018TKY\u2019 ]):\n  print(i, country)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    0 USA
    \n1 UK
    \n2 NYC
    \n3 TKY<\/div>\n
    20. eval()<\/h3>\n
    The eval()<\/strong> function evaluates<\/strong> a Python expression<\/strong> that is passed<\/strong> in a string<\/strong>. It parses<\/strong> into a Python expression<\/strong> and then the function<\/strong> evaluates it<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    x=5\neval(\u201810<20\u2019)\neval(\u2018x+ 10\u2019)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    True
    \n15<\/div>\n
    21. exec()<\/h3>\n
    The exec()<\/strong> function is used to execute<\/strong> or run a Python code dynamically<\/strong>. We can write Python code in a string<\/strong> and pass<\/strong> it as an argument to the exec() function<\/strong>. It will parse the string<\/strong> and execute<\/strong> the Python code<\/strong> inside it.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    exec(\u2018print(\u201cHello\u201d)\u2019)\nexec('a=20;b=30; print(a*b)')<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    Hello
    \n600<\/div>\n
    22. filter(function, iterable)<\/h3>\n
    The filter<\/strong> function<\/strong> is used to filter out the data<\/strong>. It does that by iterating on the second iterable<\/strong> argument<\/strong> and the first argument<\/strong> is a function that decides how we will filter<\/strong> the elements<\/strong>. This is mostly used with lambda expressions<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    list(filter(lambda x:x>5 ,[1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10]))<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    [6,8,10]<\/div>\n
    Here we used a lambda function<\/strong> in which we want the elements greater than 5<\/strong> and the list<\/strong> is filtered out the elements less than<\/strong> or equal<\/strong> to 5.<\/p>\n
    23. float([x])<\/h3>\n
    The float <\/strong>functions returns<\/strong> or convert<\/strong> the argument into a floating-point<\/strong> value if it is compatible<\/strong>. We can convert integers<\/strong> and strings<\/strong> that only contain digits<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    float(45)\nfloat(\u201812\u2019)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    45.0
    \n12.0<\/div>\n
    A complex number<\/strong> or a string<\/strong> with other characters like alphabets<\/strong> will raise an error<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    24. format(value[, format_spec])<\/h3>\n
    The format()<\/strong> function is similar to the format method<\/strong> in strings<\/strong>. It is used to modify<\/strong> a value according to a specific format<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    The first argument<\/strong> is the value that needs to be formatted<\/strong> and the second argument<\/strong> is the specifier of how value<\/strong> is specified<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    #format decimal number into binary value\nformat( 24, \u201cb\u201d )\n\n#format a float value to have two decimal digits.\nformat(123.456, \u201c0.2f\u201d )<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    ‘11000’
    \n\u2018123.46\u2019<\/div>\n
    25. frozenset([iterable])<\/h3>\n
    The frozenset()<\/strong> function takes an iterable<\/strong> as an argument<\/strong> and converts<\/strong> it into an immutable set<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Sets are mutable<\/strong> by default<\/strong>. If we want the same properties<\/strong> of set<\/strong> but in an immutable object<\/strong> then we use frozenset<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    frozenset({1,2,3,4})\nfrozenset([30, 20, 10])\nfrozenset((1, 2.5, 8.5, 4))<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    frozenset({1, 2, 3, 4, 5})
    \nfrozenset({10, 20, 30})
    \nfrozenset({8.5, 1, 2.5, 4})<\/div>\n
    26. getattr(object, name)<\/h3>\n
    The getattr()<\/strong> function is used<\/strong> to get the value<\/strong> of an object\u2019s attribute<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    The first argument<\/strong> is the object<\/strong> from which you want the value<\/strong> and the second argument<\/strong> is a string<\/strong> that represents the name<\/strong> of the attribute<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    class Car:\n  color = \u2018Blue\u2019\n\nc = Car()\nprint( getattr(c, \u2018color\u2019) )<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    Blue<\/div>\n
    27. globals()<\/h3>\n
    The function returns a dictionary<\/strong> in which all the global objects are accessible<\/strong> in the current scope<\/strong> or module<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Let\u2019s create a list<\/strong> in global scope<\/strong> and see the dictionary<\/strong> of objects<\/strong> in the global scope<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    list1=[1,2,3,4]\nglobals()<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    {‘__name__’: ‘__main__’, ‘__doc__’: None, ‘__package__’: None, ‘__loader__’: <class ‘_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter’>, ‘__spec__’: None, ‘__annotations__’: {}, ‘__builtins__’: <module ‘builtins’ (built-in)>, ‘Car’: <class ‘__main__.Car’>, ‘c’: <__main__.Car object at 0x03A79208>, ‘list1’: [1, 2, 3, 4]}<\/div>\n
    28. hasattr(object, name)<\/h3>\n
    This function is also similar<\/strong> to the getattr()<\/strong> function instead it checks if the object<\/strong> contains the specified attribute<\/strong> or not. It returns a boolean value<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    class Car:\n  color= \u201cGreen\u201d\n\nc= Car()\nprint(hasattr(c, \u201ccolor\u201d))\nprint(hasattr(c, \u201cprice\u201d))<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    True
    \nFalse<\/div>\n
    29. hash(object)<\/h3>\n
    In Python, everything is an object, numbers<\/strong>, strings<\/strong>, etc. all are object.<\/p>\n
    The hashable objects<\/strong> are mapped<\/strong> with an integer value<\/strong> in Python<\/strong>. The function hash()<\/strong> returns<\/strong> us the hash of the specified object<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    print( hash(45) )\nprint( hash(\u201chello\u201d) )\nprint( hash(94387593420) )\nprint( hash(True )\nprint(hash(2.5))<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    45
    \n-1010369850
    \n2045796599
    \n1
    \n1073741826<\/div>\n
    30. help([object])<\/h3>\n
    Python<\/strong> has an inbuilt help system<\/strong> which you can use to see details about any module<\/strong>, method, object, keyword, symbol,<\/strong> etc.<\/p>\n
    Let\u2019s see details about the string object<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    help(str)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    class str(object)
    \n| str(object=”) -> str
    \n| str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
    \n|
    \n| Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
    \n| errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
    \n| that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
    \n| Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
    \n| or repr(object).
    \n| encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
    \n| errors defaults to ‘strict’.
    \n|
    \n| Methods defined here:
    \n|
    \n| __add__(self, value, \/)
    \n| \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Return self+value.
    \n|
    \n| __contains__(self, key, \/)
    \n| \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Return key in self.
    \n|
    \n| __eq__(self, value, \/)
    \n| \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Return self==value.
    \n|
    \n| __format__(self, format_spec, \/)
    \n| \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Return a formatted version of the string as described by format_spec.
    \n|
    \n| __ge__(self, value, \/)
    \n— More —<\/div>\n
    31. hex(x)<\/h3>\n
    The hex()<\/strong> function converts<\/strong> or returns<\/strong> the string representation<\/strong> of the hexadecimal<\/strong> value of the number<\/strong>. It takes only integer number<\/strong> as an argument<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    hex(123)\nhex(-12)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    ‘0x7b’
    \n‘-0xc’<\/div>\n
    32. id(object)<\/h3>\n
    The id() function<\/strong> takes an object<\/strong> as an argument<\/strong> and returns<\/strong> the identity<\/strong> of the object<\/strong>. The id is unique<\/strong> and constant<\/strong> for each object.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    id(131)\nid(\u201cHello\u201d)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    1933365200
    \n81300384<\/div>\n
    Two objects<\/strong> with the same value<\/strong> will have the same identity<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    name = \u201cTechVidvan\u201d\nperson = \u201cTechVidvan\u201d\nprint( id(name) == id(person) )<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    True<\/div>\n
    33. input()<\/h3>\n
    The Python has an inbuilt function<\/strong> for taking input<\/strong> from the user<\/strong>. The input()<\/strong> function reads<\/strong> a string<\/strong> from the user<\/strong>, which we can store<\/strong> in a variable<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    msg = input(\u201c-->\u201d)\nprint(msg)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    –>Input as a string
    \n\u2018Input as a string\u2019<\/div>\n
    The function only takes a string<\/strong>, if we want an integer value<\/strong> from the user then we have to use typecasting<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    We can achieve this by using int() function<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    num = int( input(\u201cEnter number : \u201d ))\ntype(num)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    Enter number : 342
    \n<class \u2018int\u2019 ><\/div>\n
    34. int([x])<\/h3>\n
    The int() <\/strong>function returns<\/strong> or converts<\/strong> a compatible number<\/strong> or string<\/strong> into an integer<\/strong>. A string<\/strong> containing only numbers<\/strong> or a float<\/strong> value<\/strong> can easily be converted<\/strong> into integer<\/strong> using this function<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    int(10.2345)\nint(\u201812020\u2019)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    10
    \n12020<\/div>\n
    35. isinstance(object, classinfo)<\/h3>\n
    The function isinstance()<\/strong> checks whether the object argument<\/strong> is an instance<\/strong> of the class given in the second argument<\/strong>, it returns a boolean value<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    We can check this for built-in classes<\/strong> and also user-defined classes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    isinstance(\u201cString object\u201d, str)\nisinstance( 2.5, int)\n\nclass Peep():\n  msg=\u201dHey\u201d\np = Peep()\nisinstance( p, Peep)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    True
    \nFalse
    \nTrue<\/div>\n
    36. issubclass(class, classinfo)<\/h3>\n
    This function checks whether a class (first argument)<\/strong> is a subclass<\/strong> of the class in second argument<\/strong>. It will return True<\/strong> when there is a direct<\/strong> or an indirect<\/strong> subclass relation<\/strong> between the classes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    class A:\n  pass\n\nclass B(A):\n  pass\n\nissubclass(B, A)\nissubclass(A, B)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    True
    \nFalse<\/div>\n
    37. iter(object)<\/h3>\n
    The inbuilt<\/strong> function iter()<\/strong> is used to return<\/strong> an iterator object<\/strong> that we can use to iterate over the elements<\/strong> in the object<\/strong>. This is mostly used in a for loop<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    nums= [2,4,6,8,10,12]\nfor num in iter( nums):\n  print(num)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    2
    \n4
    \n6
    \n8
    \n10
    \n12<\/div>\n
    38. len(s)<\/h3>\n
    The len()<\/strong> function takes an argument<\/strong> which can be either <\/strong>a sequence(string, list, tuple, etc)<\/strong> or a collection(dictionary, set, etc)<\/strong> and returns the number of elements<\/strong> present inside<\/strong> them.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    len([1,2,3,4,5])\nlen({10,20})\nlen(\u201cGive me food!\u201d)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    5
    \n2
    \n13<\/div>\n
    39. list()<\/h3>\n
    The list()<\/strong> function returns<\/strong> or creates<\/strong> a new<\/strong> list<\/strong>. It takes iterable<\/strong> like sets<\/strong>, tuples<\/strong>, etc. and converts<\/strong> them into the list<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    list(\u201cHello\u201d)\nlist({1,3,4,5,3,2})\nlist((\u201crose\u201d, \u201chibiscus\u201d, \u201clily\u201d))<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    [‘H’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘l’, ‘o’]
    \n[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    \n[‘rose’, ‘hibiscus’, ‘lily’]<\/div>\n
    40. locals()<\/h3>\n
    The locals()<\/strong> in-built method is similar to the globals()<\/strong> method which we saw earlier. It returns<\/strong> a dictionary<\/strong> of the current local symbol table<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    locals()<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    {‘__name__’: ‘__main__’, ‘__doc__’: None, ‘__package__’: None, ‘__loader__’: <class ‘_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter’>, ‘__spec__’: None, ‘__annotations__’: {}, ‘__builtins__’: <module ‘builtins’ (built-in)>, ‘var1’: 3, ‘var2’: 3, ‘name’: ‘Shrangi’, ‘person’: ‘Shrangi’, ‘msg’: ‘Input as a string’, ‘num’: 342, ‘Car’: <class ‘__main__.Car’>, ‘c’: <__main__.Car object at 0x04D891C0>, ‘A’: <class ‘__main__.A’>, ‘B’: <class ‘__main__.B’>}<\/div>\n
    41. map(function, iterable)<\/h3>\n
    The map()<\/strong> function is used to map each element<\/strong> of an iterable element<\/strong> to a function<\/strong>. It is similar to the filter()<\/strong> method that we saw before. It is useful<\/strong> in modifying<\/strong> each element<\/strong> of an iterable according to a function<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    list(map(lambda x:x+10, [1,2,3,4,5] ))<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]<\/div>\n
    42. max(iterable)<\/h3>\n
    The max()<\/strong> function is self-explanatory<\/strong>, it takes an iterable container<\/strong> or sequence<\/strong> as an argument and returns the maximum value<\/strong> from the list<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    max([1,3,5,7,123, 435,-2678,65])\n\nmax( {-20, 80, 20, 30} )<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    435
    \n80<\/div>\n
    43. memoryview(object)<\/h3>\n
    The memoryview()<\/strong> function takes a bytes object<\/strong> as argument<\/strong> and returns<\/strong> a view of the memory<\/strong> and it\u2019s a safe<\/strong> way to expose buffer protocol<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    var = bytes(6)\nmemoryview(var)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    <memory at 0x04C60328><\/div>\n
    44. min(iterable)<\/h3>\n
    The min() function<\/strong> is also similar to the max() functions<\/strong>. It returns the minimum value<\/strong> from a group<\/strong> of items in an iterable<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    min([7,4,2,1])\n\nmin({-6, -10, 20, 30})<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    1
    \n-10<\/div>\n
    45. next(iterator)<\/h3>\n
    The next() function<\/strong> is used to get the next item<\/strong> from the iterator object<\/strong>. Every time we call the next() method<\/strong> the iterator points to the next element<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    When there are no next element<\/strong> present, then the function raises a StopIteration error<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    myIterator = iter([10,20,30])\nnext(myIterator)\nnext(myIterator)\nnext(myIterator)\nnext(myIterator)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    10
    \n20
    \n30
    \nTraceback (most recent call last):
    \n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>File “<stdin>”, line 1, in <module>
    \nStopIteration<\/div>\n
    46. object()<\/h3>\n
    The object() method<\/strong> does not take any arguments and it returns<\/strong> a featureless<\/strong> object<\/strong>. It is the base<\/strong> for all classes<\/strong> and it contains methods that are common<\/strong> to all the Python objects.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    obj = object()\ntype(obj)\ndir(obj)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    <class \u2018object\u2019>
    \n[‘__class__’, ‘__delattr__’, ‘__dir__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__eq__’, ‘__format__’, ‘__ge__’, ‘__getattribute__’, ‘__gt__’, ‘__hash__’, ‘__init__’, ‘__init_subclass__’, ‘__le__’, ‘__lt__’, ‘__ne__’, ‘__new__’, ‘__reduce__’, ‘__reduce_ex__’, ‘__repr__’, ‘__setattr__’, ‘__sizeof__’, ‘__str__’, ‘__subclasshook__’]<\/div>\n
    47. oct(x)<\/h3>\n
    The oct()<\/strong> function converts<\/strong> or returns<\/strong> an octal representation<\/strong> of a number<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Octal numbers are prefixed<\/strong> with \u201c0o\u201d<\/strong>. It only takes an integer value<\/strong> and returns<\/strong> its octal value<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    oct(10)\noct(-200)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \u20180o12\u2019
    \n\u2018-0o310\u2019<\/div>\n
    48. open(file, mode=\u2019r\u2019)<\/h3>\n
    The open()<\/strong> function is used in working<\/strong> with files<\/strong>. It can open any file<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    The first argument<\/strong> is the file path<\/strong> and the second argument<\/strong> is the mode<\/strong> by which we open the file, for<\/strong> example<\/strong>, read<\/strong>, write<\/strong>, append<\/strong>, etc. we use characters \u2018r\u2019<\/strong>, \u2018w\u2019<\/strong> and \u2018a\u2019<\/strong> respectively to represent<\/strong> these modes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    The default mode is read mode<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    f=open('E:\\\\techvidvan\/test.txt')\nprint(f)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    <_io.TextIOWrapper name=’E:\\\\techvidvan\/test.txt’ mode=’r’ encoding=’cp1252′><\/div>\n
    To read the contents of the file we use the read() method<\/strong> on the file.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    contents = f.read()\nprint(contents)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    Hello World!<\/div>\n
    49. ord(c)<\/h3>\n
    The ord()<\/strong> method takes a Unicode character<\/strong> as an argument<\/strong> and returns<\/strong> an integer representation<\/strong> of the character<\/strong>. It is the opposite<\/strong> of the chr()<\/strong> function.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    ord(\u2018a\u2019)\nord(\u2018$\u2019)\nord(\u20189\u2019)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    97
    \n36
    \n57<\/div>\n
    50. pow(base, exp)<\/h3>\n
    The pow()<\/strong> function is used for calculating<\/strong> the mathematical power<\/strong> of a number. This function returns the base<\/strong> to the power of exp<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    For example pow(a,b)<\/strong> will return a to the power of b<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    pow(2, 4)\npow(5.5, 2 )\npow(8,-1)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    16
    \n30.25
    \n0.125<\/div>\n
    51. print(*objects, sep=\u201d \u201d, end=\u201d\\n\u201d )<\/h3>\n
    You have already used this function thousands of times.<\/p>\n
    The print()<\/strong> function prints<\/strong> the objects to the text stream file<\/strong>. It separates<\/strong> the object by space<\/strong> by default<\/strong> and in the end, it appends a newline<\/strong> by default<\/strong>. We can change this by specifying different arguments<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    print(\u201cHello!\u201d)\nprint(1,2,3,4, sep=\u201d-\u201d)\nprint(\u201c$$\u201d, end=\u201d\u201d);\nprint(\u201c@@\u201d)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    Hello!
    \n1-2-3-4
    \n$$@@<\/div>\n
    52. property()<\/h3>\n
    The property() method<\/strong> is used to return a property<\/strong> attribute from the given getter<\/strong>, setter<\/strong>, or deleter<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    The syntax<\/strong> of property() method is –<\/p>\n
    Syntax:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)<\/pre>\n
      \n
    • The fget is a function used to get attribute value.<\/li>\n
    • The fset is a function for setting an attribute value.<\/li>\n
    • The fdel is a function for deleting an attribute.<\/li>\n
    • The doc is a string used for docstrings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      53. range(start, stop, step)<\/h3>\n
      The range() function<\/strong> is used to generate<\/strong> a sequence of numbers<\/strong> from a starting range<\/strong> to the stop number<\/strong>. It is useful to iterate<\/strong> over a range of elements<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      for i in range(5,10):\n  print(i)<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      5
      \n6
      \n7
      \n8
      \n9<\/div>\n
      54. repr()<\/h3>\n
      The repr()<\/strong> function is used to return <\/strong>a printable version<\/strong> of the Python objects<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      repr(\u201cHey\u201d)\na = 5.5\nrepr(a)\nrepr({1,2,3,4})<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      \u201c\u2018Hey\u2019\u201d
      \n\u20185.5\u2019
      \n‘{1, 2, 3, 4}’<\/div>\n
      55. reversed(seq)<\/h3>\n
      The reversed()<\/strong> function takes a sequence<\/strong> as an argument<\/strong> and returns <\/strong>a reverse iterator<\/strong> to the sequence<\/strong>. It is used when we want to iterate the elements backward<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      for i in reversed([1,2,4,6,8]):\n  print(i)<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      8
      \n6
      \n4
      \n2
      \n1<\/div>\n
      56. round(numbers [,digits])<\/h3>\n
      The round()<\/strong> function round offs a number to specified n-digits. <\/strong>If the digits<\/strong> are not specified<\/strong> then it round offs to a natural number<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      round(3.5)\nround(3.2)\nround(1.666666, 2 )<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      4
      \n3
      \n1.67<\/div>\n
      57. set([iterable])<\/h3>\n
      Set<\/strong> is a built-in<\/strong> class in Python<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      The set() function takes an iterable<\/strong> as an argument<\/strong> and returns<\/strong> a set object of that iterable<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      set([1,3,3,5,6,5])\nset((10,20,50,20))<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      {1, 3, 5, 6}
      \n{10,20,50}<\/div>\n
      58. setattr(object, name, value)<\/h3>\n
      We have seen getattr()<\/strong> and hasattr()<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Now the setattr()<\/strong> function is used to set a value<\/strong> of an attribute<\/strong>. We can set a new attribute<\/strong> or update<\/strong> an attribute if the class allows<\/strong> us to modify<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      class Student:\n  pass\n\ns= Student()\nsetattr(s, \u201cname\u201d, \u201cRambo\u201d)\ns.name<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      Rambo<\/div>\n
      59. slice(start, stop [,step])<\/h3>\n
      The slice()<\/strong> function returns a slice object<\/strong> just like a range<\/strong>. We can use the slice object to slice a sequence<\/strong> like lists<\/strong>, strings<\/strong>, etc.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      s1= slice(4)\ns2= slice(1,6,2)\nprint(s1)\nprint(s2)\n\nprint(\u201c123456789\u201d[s1])\nprint(\u201c123456789\u201d[s2])<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      slice(None, 4, None)
      \nslice(1,6,2)
      \n1234
      \n246<\/div>\n
      60. sorted(iterable)<\/h3>\n
      The sorted()<\/strong> function sorts the given iterable<\/strong> and returns<\/strong> a list of all the elements in ascending order<\/strong> by default<\/strong>. It will sort a list<\/strong>, string<\/strong>, sets<\/strong>, etc and will always return a list.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      sorted([7,5,3,2,1])\nsorted(\u201cHello\u201d)\nsorted({1,2,3,4,5}, reverse=True)<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      [1, 2, 3, 5, 7]
      \n[‘H’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘l’, ‘o’]
      \n[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]<\/div>\n
      61. @staticmethod()<\/h3>\n
      This is a decorator which is used to transform<\/strong> a method into a static method<\/strong>. A static method can be directly called<\/strong> with the class name<\/strong> without creating any instance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      class Letter:\n    @staticmethod\n    def msg():\n        print(\"static method\")\n\nLetter.msg()<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      Static method<\/div>\n
      62. str(object)<\/h3>\n
      The str() function<\/strong> is used to convert<\/strong> an object<\/strong> into a string<\/strong>. str<\/strong> is the built-in<\/strong> class for strings<\/strong>. It can be used in type conversion<\/strong> of numbers into strings<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      str()\nstr(125)\nstr(\u201cHello\u201d)\nstr({1,10,60})<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      \u2018\u2019
      \n\u2018125\u2019
      \n\u2018Hello\u2019
      \n‘{1, 10, 60}’<\/div>\n
      63. sum(iterable)<\/h3>\n
      The function sum()<\/strong> is also self-explanatory<\/strong>. It takes an iterable<\/strong> collection<\/strong> or sequence<\/strong> as an argument<\/strong> and returns<\/strong> the sum of all the elements<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      The elements should be only numbers<\/strong> else it will not be able to add elements<\/strong> and throw errors<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      sum([1,2,3,4,5])\nsum((10,30,10))\nsum([1, 4.5, 8.6, 100])<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      15
      \n50
      \n114.1<\/div>\n
      64. super()<\/h3>\n
      The super()<\/strong> method is used to return<\/strong> a proxy<\/strong> object<\/strong> that refers to the parent class<\/strong>. By using the super() method we can access the parent class methods<\/strong> or attributes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      class A:\n    def __init__(self):\n        print(\"Class A\")\n\nclass B(A):\n    def __init__(self):\n        super().__init__()\n        print(\"Class B\")\n\nb = B()<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      Class A
      \nClass B<\/div>\n
      65. tuple([iterable])<\/h3>\n
      Tuple<\/strong> is an immutable sequence<\/strong> of elements<\/strong>. The tuple()<\/strong> function is used to create<\/strong> or convert<\/strong> other sequences like lists<\/strong>, strings,<\/strong> etc into tuples.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      tuple([1,2,3,4,5])\ntuple(\u201cTechvidvan\u201d)<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
      \n(‘T’, ‘e’, ‘c’, ‘h’, ‘v’, ‘i’, ‘d’, ‘v’, ‘a’, ‘n’)<\/div>\n
      66. type()<\/h3>\n
      The type()<\/strong> function returns<\/strong> the type<\/strong> of the Python objects<\/strong> or the class<\/strong> of the Python objects<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      type(\u201cTech\u201d)\ntype(3.5)\ntype([])\ntype({1,2,3})<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      <class ‘str’>
      \n<class ‘float’>
      \n<class ‘list’>
      \n<class ‘set’><\/div>\n
      67. vars([object])<\/h3>\n
      The vars()<\/strong> function returns the __dict__ attribute<\/strong> of a module<\/strong>, class<\/strong>, instance<\/strong>, or any Python object. <\/strong>If arguments are not passed<\/strong> then it is similar to the locals() function<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      vars(tuple)<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      mappingproxy({‘__repr__’: <slot wrapper ‘__repr__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__hash__’: <slot wrapper ‘__hash__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__getattribute__’: <slot wrapper ‘__getattribute__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__lt__’: <slot wrapper ‘__lt__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__le__’: <slot wrapper ‘__le__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__eq__’: <slot wrapper ‘__eq__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__ne__’: <slot wrapper ‘__ne__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__gt__’: <slot wrapper ‘__gt__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__ge__’: <slot wrapper ‘__ge__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__iter__’: <slot wrapper ‘__iter__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__len__’: <slot wrapper ‘__len__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__getitem__’: <slot wrapper ‘__getitem__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__add__’: <slot wrapper ‘__add__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__mul__’: <slot wrapper ‘__mul__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__rmul__’: <slot wrapper ‘__rmul__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__contains__’: <slot wrapper ‘__contains__’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__new__’: <method ‘__getnewargs__’ of ‘tuple’ objects><built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x733B8588>, ‘__getnewargs__’: , ‘index’: <method ‘index’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘count’: <method ‘count’ of ‘tuple’ objects>, ‘__doc__’: \u201cBuilt-in immutable sequence.\\n\\nIf no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple.\\nIf iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable’s items.\\n\\nIf the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.”})<\/div>\n
      68. zip(*iterables)<\/h3>\n
      The zip function<\/strong> returns us iterators<\/strong> of tuples<\/strong>. It can take any number of iterables<\/strong> and packs their same index positions<\/strong> into tuples<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      for i in zip([10,20,30,40],[1,2,3],[1,2,3,4,5]):\n  print(i)<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      (10, 1, 1)
      \n(20, 2, 2)
      \n(30, 3, 3)<\/div>\n
      69. __import__(name)<\/h3>\n
      This is an advanced function<\/strong> that is not used in everyday programming.<\/p>\n
      Whenever we use an import statement like – import numpy, i<\/strong>t calls the __import__() function<\/strong> automatically which imports<\/strong> the statements<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Syntax:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      __import__(name, globals, locals, fromlist, level)<\/pre>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      __import__('math', globals(), locals(), [], 0)<\/pre>\n
      This statement is equivalent to \u2018import math\u2019<\/strong>. This function is useful when we want to import<\/strong> a module<\/strong> during runtime<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Summary<\/h3>\n
      This article is a bit lengthy and you should congratulate yourself for making this far.<\/p>\n
      We have discussed all the 69 Python built-in functions<\/strong>. The built-in functions are available to use anywhere in the Python programme<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      You can use TechVidvan’s Python built-in functions article as a reference when you want to quickly grasp information about a function.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
      In this article, we are going to see all the pre-defined functions that are available in Python. 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