{"id":75712,"date":"2020-01-27T10:03:14","date_gmt":"2020-01-27T04:33:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/?p=75712"},"modified":"2024-08-22T20:04:02","modified_gmt":"2024-08-22T14:34:02","slug":"python-inheritance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/python-inheritance\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Inheritance – Learn to build relationship between classes"},"content":{"rendered":"

Inheritance is one of the foundational concepts of object-oriented programming, allowing new classes to inherit attributes and methods from existing ones. This promotes code reusability and establishes a natural hierarchy between classes, making the code more modular and easier to maintain. Inheritance is widely used in programming and is essential for building production-ready applications that are scalable and efficient. In this article, we will delve into the concept of Python inheritance, explore its benefits, and examine the different types of inheritance, such as single, multiple, and multilevel inheritance.<\/p>\n

What is Inheritance in Python?<\/h3>\n

Inheritance<\/strong> in object-oriented programming<\/strong> is inspired by the real-world inheritance<\/strong> in human beings<\/strong>. We acquire<\/strong> some of the traits<\/strong> of our parents during birth<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

In Python, inheritance<\/strong> is the capability<\/strong> of a class<\/strong> to pass some of its properties<\/strong> or methods<\/strong> to it\u2019s derived class(child class)<\/strong>. With inheritance<\/strong>, we build a relationship<\/strong> between classes<\/strong> based on how they are derived<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

For example,<\/strong> every car<\/strong>, bus<\/strong>, bikes<\/strong> are vehicles<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

So we can build relationships<\/strong> between them<\/strong> and a car<\/strong> can inherit things<\/strong> from the vehicle<\/strong>. This can be represented<\/strong> as the given image<\/strong>.\"python<\/a><\/p>\n

Here, the Vehicle<\/strong> will be called parent<\/strong> or base class<\/strong> while the car<\/strong>, bus<\/strong>, and bike<\/strong> are its child<\/strong> or derived class<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Python Inheritance Example<\/h3>\n

To derive a class<\/strong> from another class<\/strong> we can simply use the name<\/strong> of the parent class<\/strong> in parentheses<\/strong> after the class name<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n

class Fruit:\r\n  pass\r\n\r\nclass Apple(Fruit):\r\n  pass<\/pre>\n
Here, we have defined two classes Fruit<\/strong> and Apple<\/strong>. The Apple class<\/strong> is derived<\/strong> from the Fruit class<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
The pass statement<\/strong> is used to create<\/strong> an empty class<\/strong>. Python<\/strong> has an in-built <\/strong>function issubclass()<\/strong> to check<\/strong> if a class<\/strong> is a subclass<\/strong> of another<\/strong> or not<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
issubclass(Apple, Fruit)<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
True<\/div>\n
Types of Inheritance in Python\"types<\/a><\/h3>\n
We can build<\/strong> different types<\/strong> of relationships<\/strong> between classes<\/strong> by the way they are inherited<\/strong>. Python has 5 types<\/strong> of inheritance<\/strong>. Let\u2019s go through each of them.<\/p>\n
1. Single Inheritance in Python<\/h4>\n
In single inheritance, a single class inherits from a class. This is the simplest form of inheritance, where the subclass inherits all the attributes and methods of the parent class. It allows the subclass to reuse and extend the functionality of the parent class, promoting code reusability and reducing redundancy.<\/p>\n
For example, if we have a Person class, a Student class can inherit from it, gaining all the properties and behaviors defined in the Person class while adding its own unique attributes and methods. Single inheritance helps create a clear and straightforward class hierarchy.
\n\"single<\/a><\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
class Parent:\r\n    def show(self):\r\n        print(\"Parent method\")\r\n\r\nclass Child(Parent):\r\n    def display(self):\r\n        print(\"Child method\")\r\n\r\n\r\nc = Child()\r\nc.display()\r\nc.show()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Child method
\nParent method<\/div>\n
Here, we created<\/strong> an object<\/strong> of the Child class<\/strong> and we saw that from the Child object<\/strong> we can even call<\/strong> the method<\/strong> of Parent class<\/strong>. This is the advantage <\/strong>of inheritance<\/strong>, we can reuse<\/strong> the code<\/strong> we have written<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
2. Multilevel Inheritance in Python<\/h4>\n
Python supports multilevel inheritance, which means that there is no limit<\/strong> on the number of levels<\/strong> that you can inherit<\/strong>. In multilevel inheritance, a class inherits from a parent class, which in turn inherits from another parent class, forming a chain of inheritance. This allows for a more detailed and structured hierarchy, where each level can add specific functionalities.<\/p>\n
For example, if you have a Vehicle class, a Car class can inherit from it, and a SportsCar class can further inherit from the Car class, each adding its own unique attributes and behaviors.
\n\"multilevel<\/a><\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
class A:\r\n    def methodA(self):\r\n        print(\"A class\")\r\n\r\nclass B(A):\r\n    def methodB(self):\r\n        print(\"B class\")\r\n\r\nclass C(B):\r\n    def methodC(self):\r\n        print(\"C class\")\r\n\r\nc = C()\r\nc.methodA()\r\nc.methodB()\r\nc.methodC()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
A class
\nB class
\nC class<\/div>\n
Here, the object <\/strong>of C class<\/strong> can access<\/strong> the methods<\/strong> and properties<\/strong> of both A<\/strong> and B class<\/strong> because they were inherited<\/strong> from top to bottom<\/strong>. But take note that the object<\/strong> of a B class<\/strong> cannot access<\/strong> methods of the C class<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
3. Multiple Inheritance in Python<\/h4>\n
Till now, we were inheriting<\/strong> from only one class<\/strong> at a time<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
In multiple inheritance<\/strong>, we will see that Python<\/strong> also allows us<\/strong> to inherit<\/strong> from more than one class<\/strong>. To achieve this we can provide multiple classes separated<\/strong> by commas<\/strong>.\"multiple<\/a><\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
class A:\r\n    def methodA(self):\r\n        print(\"A class\")\r\n\r\nclass B:\r\n    def methodB(self):\r\n        print(\"B class\")\r\n\r\nclass C:\r\n    def methodC(self):\r\n        print(\"C class\")\r\n\r\nclass D(A, B, C):\r\n    def methodD(self):\r\n        print(\"D class\")\r\n\r\nd = D()\r\nd.methodA()\r\nd.methodB()\r\nd.methodC()\r\nd.methodD()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
A class
\nB class
\nC class
\nD class<\/div>\n
The object<\/strong> of a D class<\/strong> has directly inherited<\/strong> the properties<\/strong> and methods<\/strong> of A<\/strong>, B<\/strong>, and C classes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
4. Hierarchical Inheritance in Python<\/h4>\n
In a hierarchical <\/strong>inheritance, a class<\/strong> is inherited<\/strong> by more than one class<\/strong>. It is simple<\/strong> to understand<\/strong> with a diagram<\/strong>.\"hierarchical<\/a><\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
class A:\r\n    def methodA(self):\r\n        print(\"A class\")\r\n\r\nclass B(A):\r\n    def methodB(self):\r\n        print(\"B class\")\r\n\r\nclass C(A):\r\n    def methodC(self):\r\n        print(\"C class\")\r\n\r\nb = B()\r\nc = C()\r\n\r\nb.methodA()\r\nc.methodA()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
A class
\nA class<\/div>\n
5. Hybrid Inheritance in Python<\/h4>\n
The term Hybrid<\/strong> describes that it is a mixture<\/strong> of more than one type<\/strong>. Hybrid inheritance<\/strong> is a combination<\/strong> of different types<\/strong> of inheritance<\/strong>.\"hybrid<\/a><\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
class A:\r\n    def methodA(self):\r\n        print(\"A class\")\r\n\r\nclass B(A):\r\n    def methodB(self):\r\n        print(\"B class\")\r\n\r\nclass C(A):\r\n    def methodC(self):\r\n        print(\"C class\")\r\n\r\nclass D(B,C):\r\n    def methodD(self):\r\n        print(\"D class\")\r\n\r\nd = D()\r\nd.methodA()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
A class<\/div>\n
Python Inheritance – super() function<\/h3>\n
When dealing with inheritance<\/strong>, super()<\/strong> is a very handy function<\/strong>. super()<\/strong> is a proxy object<\/strong> which is used to refer<\/strong> to the parent object<\/strong>. We can call super()<\/strong> method to access<\/strong> the properties<\/strong> or methods<\/strong> of the parent class<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
class A:\r\n    x=100\r\n    def methodA(self):\r\n        print(\"A class\")\r\n\r\nclass B(A):\r\n    def methodB(self):\r\n        super().methodA()\r\n        print(\"B class\")\r\n        print(super().x)\r\n\r\n\r\nb = B()\r\nb.methodB()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
A class
\nB class
\n100<\/div>\n
Python Overriding Methods<\/h3>\n
Method overriding<\/strong> is an important concept in object-oriented programming<\/strong>. Method overriding allows us to redefine<\/strong> a method by overriding<\/strong> it.<\/p>\n
For method overriding, we must satisfy two conditions<\/strong>:<\/p>\n
    \n
  • There should be a parent-child relationship<\/strong> between the classes<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
  • Inheritance<\/strong> is a must.<\/li>\n
  • The name of the method<\/strong> and the parameters<\/strong> should be the same<\/strong> in the base<\/strong> and derived<\/strong> class<\/strong> in order to override<\/strong> it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    What will happen when the method in the base<\/strong> and derived class<\/strong> are the same. Let\u2019s see an example of this.<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    class A:\r\n    def method(self):\r\n        print(\"A class\")\r\n\r\nclass B(A):\r\n    def method(self):\r\n        print(\"B class\")\r\n\r\nb = B()\r\nb.method()<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    B class<\/div>\n
    Here, the B class<\/strong> has inherited<\/strong> A class and we have the same function<\/strong> in both classes method()<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Since the name<\/strong> and parameters<\/strong> are the same<\/strong>, the derived class<\/strong> overrides<\/strong> the method of the base class<\/strong> and when we call the method()<\/strong> the B class<\/strong> method is called<\/strong>. This is known as method<\/strong> overriding<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Overloading Methods in Python<\/h3>\n
    If you have some experience with object-oriented programming<\/strong> or other languages<\/strong> like C\/C++<\/strong> or Java<\/strong> then you might have used method overloading<\/strong>. That is why it is important to understand that Python<\/strong> doesn\u2019t support<\/strong> method overloading<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Let\u2019s see the example –<\/p>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    def getDetails():\r\n    print(\"Name: Default\")\r\n\r\ndef getDetails(name):\r\n    print(\"Name:\", name)\r\n\r\ngetDetails(\"Siri\")\r\ngetDetails()<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    Name: Siri
    \nTraceback (most recent call last):
    \n\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>File\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 “C:\\Users\\Techvidvan\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python38-32\\test.py”, line 8, in <module>
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>getDetails()
    \nTypeError: getDetails() missing 1 required positional argument: ‘name’<\/div>\n
    As you can see, the getDetails(\u201cSiri\u201d)<\/strong> function got executed<\/strong> but the getDetails()<\/strong> was not executed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    This is because Python overwrites<\/strong> the function<\/strong> with the same name<\/strong> and the latter function<\/strong> is used<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Summary<\/h3>\n
    In this article, we discussed a very important concept<\/strong> of object-oriented programming<\/strong> i.e. Python Inheritance<\/strong>. We saw how we can pass properties<\/strong> or methods<\/strong> from one class<\/strong> to another<\/strong> using inheritance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    In this Python inheritance article, we have also covered its types<\/strong>, functions<\/strong>, and methods<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    Inheritance is one of the foundational concepts of object-oriented programming, allowing new classes to inherit attributes and methods from existing ones. This promotes code reusability and establishes a natural hierarchy between classes, making the...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":75814,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1053],"tags":[1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460],"class_list":["post-75712","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python","tag-hierarchical-inheritance-in-python","tag-hybrid-inheritance-in-python","tag-inheritance-in-python","tag-multilevel-inheritance-in-python","tag-multiple-inheritance-in-python","tag-overloading-methods-in-python","tag-python-inheritance","tag-python-inheritance-example","tag-python-overriding-methods","tag-single-inheritance-in-python","tag-types-of-inheritance-in-python"],"yoast_head":"\nPython Inheritance - Learn to build relationship between classes - TechVidvan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn the concept of inheritance in Python with its types. 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