{"id":75831,"date":"2020-01-29T09:39:04","date_gmt":"2020-01-29T04:09:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/?p=75831"},"modified":"2020-01-29T09:39:04","modified_gmt":"2020-01-29T04:09:04","slug":"python-decorators","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/python-decorators\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Decorators – Learn to create and use decorators"},"content":{"rendered":"

We have started with functional programming<\/strong> in Python<\/strong>. Now let\u2019s move on to an advanced concept<\/strong> in functional programming.<\/p>\n

In this tutorial, we will learn about decorators<\/strong> in Python<\/strong> and how to create<\/strong> and use<\/strong> Python decorators.<\/p>\n

What are Decorators?<\/h3>\n

Python<\/strong> is an object-oriented language<\/strong> and everything<\/strong> in Python<\/strong> is an object<\/strong>. And therefore, functions<\/strong> are first-class objects<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

We can refer<\/strong> to them, pass<\/strong> them to variables<\/strong> and return them<\/strong> from functions<\/strong>. We can pass them<\/strong> as arguments<\/strong> to higher-order<\/strong> functions and define<\/strong> them in functions<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Decorators<\/strong> are like gift wrappers<\/strong>. A decorator<\/strong> is a function<\/strong> that we can use to modify<\/strong> the behavior <\/strong>of a function<\/strong> or a class<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

If you want to extend<\/strong> the behavior<\/strong> of a function<\/strong> but don\u2019t want to modify<\/strong> it permanently<\/strong>, you can wrap a decorator<\/strong> on it. This is called metaprogramming,<\/strong> as one part of a program<\/strong> tries to change<\/strong> another at compile time<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Some common decorators<\/strong> in Python are @property<\/strong>, @classmethod<\/strong> and @staticmethod<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

How to Create a Decorator in Python?<\/h3>\n

Let\u2019s say we have nested functions<\/strong>. The outer function takes the function<\/strong> to decorate<\/strong> as an argument<\/strong> and then the inner <\/strong>function calls<\/strong> it<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n

>>> def outer(func):\n  def inner():\n    print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")\n    func()\n    print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")\n  return inner<\/pre>\n
This is the decorator<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Now let\u2019s define the function<\/strong> we want to decorate<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def sayhi():\n  print('Hi')<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Hi<\/div>\n
This function<\/strong> prints Hi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Now if we call outer<\/strong> with this function sayhi<\/strong> as an argument<\/strong> and then assign<\/strong> this to sayhi<\/strong>, it modifies sayhi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi=outer(sayhi)<\/pre>\n
Now calling it prints<\/strong> two lines<\/strong> of \u2018@\u2019<\/strong> around it.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
\nHi
\n@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@<\/div>\n
You can also give it a new name<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def outer(func):\n  def inner():\n    print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")\n    func()\n    print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")\n  return inner<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def sayhi():\n  print('Hi')<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> hello=outer(sayhi)\n>>> hello()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
\nHi
\n@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@<\/div>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Hi<\/div>\n
Decorators on Functions that Return Something and Take Arguments<\/h3>\n
The function<\/strong> in the previous example did not return<\/strong> anything. But what if we want to decorate a function<\/strong> that returns<\/strong> a value<\/strong> or takes parameters<\/strong>?<\/p>\n
Let\u2019s see.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def add(a,b):\n  return a+b<\/pre>\n
We have a function<\/strong> add<\/strong> that adds two<\/strong> numbers<\/strong>. This is the decorator<\/strong>:<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def outer(func):\n  def inner(a,b):\n    print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")\n    print(func(a,b))\n    print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")\n  return inner<\/pre>\n
This decorator\u2019s inner function<\/strong> takes parameters<\/strong> a<\/strong> and b<\/strong>, and then inside<\/strong>, makes a call<\/strong> to func<\/strong> with the arguments<\/strong> a<\/strong> and b<\/strong>. It prints<\/strong> this then.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> add=outer(add)\n>>> add(2,3)<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
\n5
\n@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@<\/div>\n
If the inner function<\/strong> calls func(a,b)<\/strong> instead of printing<\/strong> it, it returns None<\/strong> and we only get two lines<\/strong> of \u2018@\u2019<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Structure of Python Decorators<\/h3>\n
Let\u2019s see its syntax<\/strong> again.<\/p>\n
We take nested functions<\/strong> for this. The outer function<\/strong> defines the inner function<\/strong> and returns<\/strong> it too, we cannot<\/strong> make a call<\/strong> to it instead of returning<\/strong> it. If we call<\/strong> the inner function<\/strong> instead of returning<\/strong> it:<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def sayhi():\n  print('Hi')<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def outer(func):\n  def inner():\n    print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")\n    func()\n    print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")\n  inner()<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi=outer(sayhi)<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
\nHi
\n@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@<\/div>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Traceback (most recent call last):
\n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>File “<pyshell#58>”, line 1, in <module>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>sayhi()
\nTypeError: ‘NoneType’ object is not callable<\/div>\n
Applying<\/strong> the decorator<\/strong> calls sayhi<\/strong> and prints<\/strong> the output<\/strong>. And then calling sayhi()<\/strong> raises a TypeError<\/strong> because outer does not<\/strong> return anything.<\/p>\n
If we use only one function<\/strong> instead of nested functions<\/strong>:<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def sayhi():\n  print('Hi')<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def outer(func):\n  print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")\n  func()\n  print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi=outer(sayhi)<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
\nHi
\n@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@<\/div>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Traceback (most recent call last):
\n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>File “<pyshell#64>”, line 1, in <module>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>sayhi()
\nTypeError: ‘NoneType’ object is not callable<\/div>\n
And returning func<\/strong> in outer does not help<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def sayhi():\n  print('Hi')<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def outer(func):\n  print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")\n  return func\n  print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi=outer(sayhi)<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@<\/div>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Hi<\/div>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Hi<\/div>\n
Pie Syntax<\/h3>\n
If you don\u2019t want to use this line:<\/p>\n
sayhi=outer(sayhi)<\/strong>, you can use this syntactic sugar<\/strong> to attach a decorator<\/strong> to a function<\/strong>:<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def outer(func):\n  def inner():\n    print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")\n    func()\n    print(\"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\")\n  return inner<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> @outer\ndef sayhi():\n  print('Hi')<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
\nHi
\n@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@<\/div>\n
Chained Decorators in Python<\/h3>\n
You can apply<\/strong> more<\/strong> than one decorator<\/strong> to a function<\/strong> or class<\/strong>. The order<\/strong> in which you apply them matters<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def decor1(func):\n  def inner():\n    print('11111111111111111')\n    func()\n    print('11111111111111111')\n  return inner<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def decor2(func):\n  def inner():\n    print('22222222222222222')\n    func()\n    print('22222222222222222')\n  return inner<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> @decor1\n@decor2\ndef sayhi():\n  print('Hi')<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
11111111111111111
\n22222222222222222
\nHi
\n22222222222222222
\n11111111111111111<\/div>\n
In this example, we have two decorators – decor1<\/strong> and decor2<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
decor1<\/strong> is applied first<\/strong> and then decor2<\/strong> is applied<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
For this, we just write @decor1<\/strong> and @decor2<\/strong> in separate lines<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
So in the output, 11111111111111111<\/strong> is first and then 22222222222222222<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
The order<\/strong> in which you apply<\/strong> the decorators<\/strong> matters.<\/p>\n
Python Decorators with Arguments<\/h3>\n
Decorators<\/strong> can take arguments<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def decor1(func, num):\n  def inner():\n    print('1'*num)\n    func()\n    print('1'*num)\n  return inner<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> def sayhi():\n  print('Hi')<\/pre>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> sayhi=decor1(sayhi, num=9)\n>>> sayhi()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
111111111
\nHi
\n111111111<\/div>\n
Here, we make decor1 print<\/strong> the number \u20181\u2019<\/strong> 9<\/strong> times<\/strong> on each side<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Summary<\/h3>\n
In this TechVidvan’s Python decorators article, we learned about the decorator functions<\/strong> in Python<\/strong> and then we saw how to create<\/strong>, use<\/strong> and chain<\/strong> them.<\/p>\n
We learned about the structure<\/strong>, pie syntax<\/strong>, Python decorators<\/strong> with arguments<\/strong> and decorators<\/strong> on functions<\/strong> that return a value<\/strong> or take arguments<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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In this tutorial, we will learn about decorators in Python and how to create and...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":75960,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1053],"tags":[1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493],"class_list":["post-75831","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python","tag-chained-decorators-in-python","tag-decorators-in-python","tag-pie-syntax","tag-python-decorator-with-arguments","tag-python-decorators","tag-structure-of-python-decorators","tag-what-are-decorators-in-python","tag-what-are-python-decorators"],"yoast_head":"\nPython Decorators - Learn to create and use decorators - TechVidvan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn the advanced concept in functional programming, that is, Python decorators. 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