{"id":75924,"date":"2020-02-01T10:42:12","date_gmt":"2020-02-01T05:12:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/?p=75924"},"modified":"2020-02-01T10:42:12","modified_gmt":"2020-02-01T05:12:12","slug":"python-exception-handling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/python-exception-handling\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Exception Handling – Learn errors and exceptions in Python"},"content":{"rendered":"

In this Python exception<\/strong> handling article<\/strong>, we will talk about errors<\/strong> and exceptions<\/strong> in Python<\/strong>. We will also see how to raise<\/strong> and catch<\/strong> them. We will also learn about different keywords<\/strong> used for exception handling<\/strong> in Python<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

What are Exceptions in Python Exception Handling?<\/h3>\n

Python is an interpreted language<\/strong>. When you are coding<\/strong> in the Python interpreter<\/strong>, you often have to deal with runtime errors<\/strong>. These are runtime exceptions<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

When there is an exception, all execution stops<\/strong> and it displays<\/strong> a red error<\/strong> message on the screen<\/strong>. But if we can handle it, the program<\/strong> will not crash<\/strong>. So an exception is when something goes wrong and your program cannot run<\/strong> anymore.<\/p>\n

Python has built-in<\/strong> exceptions but you can also define<\/strong> your own exceptions<\/strong>. This code<\/strong> raises an exception<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n

>>> print(1\/0)<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Traceback (most recent call last):
\n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>File “<pyshell#213>”, line 1, in <module>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>print(1\/0)
\nZeroDivisionError: division by zero<\/div>\n
It is not possible<\/strong> to divide<\/strong> 1<\/strong> by 0<\/strong>, so the program has to stop<\/strong>, it cannot execute<\/strong> anymore. So it raises a ZeroDivisionError<\/strong>. This is an in-built<\/strong> exception in Python<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
All exceptions inherit<\/strong> from the Exception base class<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
The try-except Blocks in Python Exception Handling<\/h3>\n
If you know an operation can raise<\/strong> an exception<\/strong>, you can put it in a try-block<\/strong>. Like the if-statement<\/strong>, indentation<\/strong> is mandatory<\/strong> for the try-block<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> nums=[1,2,3]\n>>> nums[3]<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Traceback (most recent call last):
\n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>File “<pyshell#216>”, line 1, in <module>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>nums[3]
\nIndexError: list index out of range<\/div>\n
Here, the list nums<\/strong> only has 3 items<\/strong>. So they must have indices<\/strong> 0<\/strong> to 2<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
If we try to access<\/strong> the item<\/strong> at index 3<\/strong>, it will raise<\/strong> an IndexError<\/strong> and the program<\/strong> will stop<\/strong>. But if we catch this exception<\/strong> in the except block<\/strong>, the program<\/strong> will continue running<\/strong> from the next statement<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> try:\n  nums[3]\nexcept:\n  print('Out of index!')<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Out of index!<\/div>\n
Now whatever is after these 4 lines<\/strong> will be executed normally<\/strong>. In the except block<\/strong>, we can put anything – assignment<\/strong>, function calls<\/strong>, or anything<\/strong> else. We can also get the exception<\/strong> that occurred by importing<\/strong> sys<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> import sys\n>>> try:\n  nums[3]\nexcept:\n  print('Out of index!')\n  print(sys.exc_info())<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Out of index!
\n(<class ‘IndexError’>, IndexError(‘list index out of range’), <traceback object at 0x00000289E33498C8>)<\/div>\n
Catching Specific Exceptions in Python Exception Handling<\/h3>\n
This catches any exception<\/strong> in the same way.<\/p>\n
If you know which exception<\/strong> will be raised by a piece of code<\/strong>, you can specifically<\/strong> catch that exception<\/strong> by mentioning<\/strong> it with except<\/strong>. We can have any number<\/strong> of except clauses<\/strong> after a try clause<\/strong>, but only one generic<\/strong> except clause<\/strong> in the end.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> try:\n  pass\nexcept ZeroDivisionError\nSyntaxError: invalid syntax\n>>> try:\n  pass\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n  pass\nexcept (IndexError, NameError):\n  pass\nexcept:\n  pass<\/pre>\n
If you want to specify more than one exception<\/strong> in an except clause<\/strong>, you need to write it in a tuple<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
The Finally Clause in Python Exception Handling<\/h3>\n
Sometimes even if an exception<\/strong> is raised<\/strong>, you may want to do something – like close a file<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
You can put a finally clause<\/strong> after the last except<\/strong> and then put the code<\/strong> in this – the code you want to execute<\/strong> no matter what.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> try:\n  f=open('text.txt')\n  f.write('Hello')\nexcept:\n  pass\nfinally:\n  f.close()<\/pre>\n
In this code<\/strong>, it opens<\/strong> a file text.txt<\/strong>, tries to write \u2018Hello\u2019<\/strong> to the file.<\/p>\n
It raises an exception<\/strong> because we opened<\/strong> the file <\/strong>in read-mode<\/strong> and are trying to write<\/strong> to it. But we don\u2019t handle this exception<\/strong>. Finally, we want to close<\/strong> this file<\/strong>. The code in the finally-block<\/strong> does this.<\/p>\n
Raising Exceptions in Python<\/h3>\n
Python<\/strong> raises an exception when there is a problem<\/strong>, but we can also forcefully raise<\/strong> an exception<\/strong>. We do this with the raise keyword<\/strong>. Unlike this, Java<\/strong> has the throw keyword<\/strong> for this.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> raise OSError<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Traceback (most recent call last):
\n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>File “<pyshell#246>”, line 1, in <module>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>raise OSError
\nOSError<\/div>\n
This code raises<\/strong> an OSError<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
This was in the interpreter<\/strong> but we can put this anywhere in our code<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    \n
  • We can also raise a RuntimeError<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    >>> raise<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    \n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>File “<pyshell#247>”, line 1, in <module>
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>raise
    \nRuntimeError: No active exception to reraise<\/div>\n
      \n
    • You can tell it which exception<\/strong> to raise<\/strong> along with a description<\/strong> of it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      >>> raise OSError('There was an OS Error')<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      \n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>File “<pyshell#248>”, line 1, in <module>
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>raise OSError(‘There was an OS Error’)
      \nOSError: There was an OS Error<\/div>\n
      This gives us a bit of description<\/strong> about the exception<\/strong> that occurred.<\/p>\n
      else with try-except<\/h3>\n
      You can follow a try-except block<\/strong> with an else-block<\/strong>. If no exception<\/strong> is raised<\/strong> in the try-block<\/strong>, the code<\/strong> in the else-block executes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      >>> try:\n  print(1)\nexcept:\n  print(2)\nelse:\n  print(3)<\/pre>\n
      Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      1
      \n3<\/div>\n
      Standard Exceptions in Python Exception Handling<\/h3>\n
      Before learning to create<\/strong> our own exceptions<\/strong>, let\u2019s see some in-built<\/strong> exceptions in Python<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
        \n
      • Exception – Base class<\/strong> for all exceptions<\/li>\n
      • StopIteration – When an iterator ends<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • SystemExit – Raised by sys.exit()<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • StandardError – Base class for in-built exceptions except StopIteration<\/strong> and SystemExit<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • ArithmeticError – Base class for arithmetic calculation errors<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • OverFlowError – When a calculation exceeds the maximum limit<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • FloatingPointError – When a floating-point<\/strong> operation fails<\/li>\n
      • ZeroDivisionError – When there is division<\/strong> or modulus<\/strong> by 0<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • AssertionError – When an assert statement<\/strong> fails<\/li>\n
      • AttributeError – When an attribute reference<\/strong> or assignment fails<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • EOFError – On reaching the end of the file<\/strong> with no input from input()<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • ImportError – When an import statement fails<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • KeyboardInterrupt – When you interrupt execution by pressing Ctrl+C<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • LookupError – Base class for lookup errors<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • IndexError – When an index<\/strong> is not in a sequence<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • KeyError – When a key<\/strong> is not present<\/strong> in a dictionary<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • NameError – When an identifier<\/strong> is not present<\/strong> in the local\/global namespace<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • UnboundLocalError – When we access a local variable<\/strong> which hasn’t been assigned yet<\/li>\n
      • EnvironmentError – Base class<\/strong> for exceptions<\/strong> outside the Python environment<\/li>\n
      • IOError – When an input\/output<\/strong> operation fails<\/li>\n
      • OSError – For operating system-related errors<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • SyntaxError – When the syntax<\/strong> is incorrect<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • IndentationError – When there is not proper indentation<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • SystemError – When the interpreter has an internal problem<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • SystemExit – When the interpreter quits because of sys.exit()<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • TypeError – When an operation is invalid<\/strong> for specific data type<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • ValueError – When the in-built<\/strong> function has a valid type<\/strong> of arguments but invalid values<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • RuntimeError – When an error<\/strong> doesn’t fall in any other category<\/li>\n
      • NotImplementedError – When an abstract method<\/strong> is not implemented<\/strong> in an inherited class<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        Defining our own exceptions in Python Exception Handling<\/h3>\n
        Until now, we talked about in-built exceptions<\/strong> in Python. Now, let\u2019s learn to define our own exceptions<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
        For this, you should:<\/p>\n
        1.<\/strong> Create a class<\/strong><\/p>\n
        2.<\/strong> Make it inherit<\/strong> from Exception<\/strong> or another exception class<\/strong><\/p>\n
        Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
        >>> class InvalidTemperature(Exception):\n  def __init__(self, temp):\n    self.temp=temp\n  def __str__(self):\n    return f'The temperature {self.temp} is low'<\/pre>\n
        Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
        >>> raise InvalidTemperature(30)<\/pre>\n
        Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        \n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>File “<pyshell#283>”, line 1, in <module>
        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>raise InvalidTemperature(30)
        \nInvalidTemperature: The temperature 30 is low<\/div>\n
        We can catch this exception by using try-except blocks<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
        Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
        >>> try:\n  raise InvalidTemperature(30)\nexcept:\n  print('Ok')<\/pre>\n
        Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
        Ok<\/div>\n
        AssertionError in Python<\/h3>\n
        Let\u2019s also talk about AssertionError<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
        But first, let\u2019s talk about assert statements<\/strong>. The assert statement<\/strong> takes a condition<\/strong> that has to be true<\/strong>. If it isn’t, it raises an AssertionError<\/strong> and the program stops executing<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
        So if the condition is True<\/strong>, the program<\/strong> continues running<\/strong>. But if it\u2019s not, it stops and raises an AssertionError exception<\/strong>. This is an in-built exception<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
        Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
        >>> marks=-4\n>>> assert (marks>=0 and marks<=100)<\/pre>\n
        Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        \n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>File “<pyshell#308>”, line 1, in <module>
        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>assert (marks>=0 and marks<=100)
        \nAssertionError<\/div>\n
        If marks are -4<\/strong> and we have an assert statement<\/strong> that says it should be in 0<\/strong> to 100<\/strong>, it raises an AssertionError<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
        We can also give it a description<\/strong> for the error<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
        Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
        >>> assert (marks>=0 and marks<=100), 'Marks should be >=0 and <=100'<\/pre>\n
        Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        \n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>File “<pyshell#309>”, line 1, in <module>
        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>assert (marks>=0 and marks<=100), ‘Marks should be >=0 and <=100’
        \nAssertionError: Marks should be >=0 and <=100<\/div>\n
        Summary<\/h3>\n
        So today we talked about Python exception handling<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
        We saw try-except blocks<\/strong>, catching specific exceptions<\/strong>, the finally clause<\/strong>, raising exceptions<\/strong>, standard exceptions<\/strong>, custom exceptions<\/strong>, and AssertionError<\/strong> in Python exception handling<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
        This was all about TechVidvan’s Python exception<\/strong> handling article.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
        In this Python exception handling article, we will talk about errors and exceptions in Python. We will also see how to raise and catch them. We will also learn about different keywords used for...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":76115,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1053],"tags":[1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539],"class_list":["post-75924","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python","tag-assertionerror-in-python","tag-catching-specific-exceptions","tag-exception-handling-in-python","tag-python-exception-handling","tag-raising-exceptions-in-python","tag-the-finally-clause","tag-the-try-except-blocks","tag-what-are-exceptions"],"yoast_head":"\nPython Exception Handling - Learn errors and exceptions in Python - TechVidvan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore what are exceptions in Python, catching specific exceptions in Python exception handling, the finally clause, assertionerror, standard exceptions, etc.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/python-exception-handling\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Python Exception Handling - 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