{"id":76076,"date":"2020-02-01T11:42:22","date_gmt":"2020-02-01T06:12:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/?p=76076"},"modified":"2020-02-01T11:42:22","modified_gmt":"2020-02-01T06:12:22","slug":"r-input-and-output-functions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/","title":{"rendered":"Input &amp; Output Functions in R &#8211; scan(), cat(), write.table()"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Input and output functions are a programming language&#8217;s ability to talk and interact with its users. Have a look at many such functions in R.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Today, we are going to learn about functions in R that let us get input from the user or a file and display output to the screen or to store it in a file. R has many functions that make these tasks extremely simple.<\/p>\n<p>So without further ado, let\u2019s get going!<\/p>\n<h2>Input\/Output Functions in R<\/h2>\n<p>With R, we can read inputs from the user or a file using simple and easy-to-use functions. Similarly, we can display the complex output or store it to a file using the same. R\u2019s base package has many such functions, and there are packages that provide functions that can do the same and process the information in the required ways at the same time.<\/p>\n<p>In this article, you&#8217;ll get the answers to these:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"tv-anchor-link\" href=\"#read-input\">How to Read user input in R?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"tv-anchor-link\" href=\"#display-output\">How to display output in R?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"tv-anchor-link\" href=\"#write-in-a-file\">How to write in a file?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"tv-anchor-link\" href=\"#read-from-a-file\">How to read from a file?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let\u2019s take a look at a few of these functions.<\/p>\n<h3 id='read-input'>How to Read User Input in R?<\/h3>\n<p>In R, there are multiple ways to read and save input given by the user. here are a few of them:<\/p>\n<h4>1. readline() function<\/h4>\n<p>We can read the input given by the user in the terminal with the <strong><code>readline()<\/code><\/strong> function.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">input_read &lt;- readline()<\/pre>\n<p><strong>User Input:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"code-output\">45 3 45 a hello techvidvan<\/div>\n<p><strong>Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">input_read<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-readline.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-76087 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-readline.png\" alt=\"readline() - input output functions in r\" width=\"1300\" height=\"741\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The function returns a character vector containing the input values. If we need the input of other data types, then we need to make conversions. For example:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">input_read2 &lt;- readline()<\/pre>\n<p><strong>User Input:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"code-output\">3 4 23 55 34 76<\/div>\n<p><strong>Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">input_read2\ninput_read2 &lt;- strsplit(input_read2,\" \")\ninput_read2\ninput_read2 &lt;- as.integer(input_read2[[1]]) \ninput_read2<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-feature-in-r-readline-type-conversion.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-76088 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-feature-in-r-readline-type-conversion.png\" alt=\"readline() type conversion - Input and output functions in R\" width=\"1299\" height=\"741\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Functions that take vectors as input or give output in vectors are called vector functions. Learn more about them in <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-vector-functions\/\">R vector functions<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h4>2. scan() function<\/h4>\n<p>We can also use the <strong><code>scan()<\/code><\/strong> function to read user input. This function, however, can only read numeric values and returns a numeric vector. If a non-numeric input is given, the function gives an error.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">input_scan &lt;- scan()<\/pre>\n<p><strong>User Input:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"code-output\">1: 34 54 65 75 23<br \/>\n6:<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Read 5 items<\/span><\/div>\n<p><strong>Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">input_scan<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">input_scan2 &lt;- scan()<\/pre>\n<p><strong>User Input:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"code-output\">\n<p>1: 34 566 2 a 2+1i<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Error in scan() : scan() expected &#8216;a real&#8217;, got &#8216;a&#8217; <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-scan.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-76089 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-scan.png\" alt=\"scan() - input output features in r\" width=\"1299\" height=\"741\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 id='display-output'>How to Display Output in R?<\/h3>\n<p>To display the output of your program to the screen, you can use one of the following functions:<\/p>\n<h4>1. print() functions<\/h4>\n<p>We can use the <strong><code>print()<\/code><\/strong> function to display the output to the terminal. The <strong><code>print()<\/code><\/strong> function is a generic function. This means that the function has a lot of different methods for different types of objects it may need to print. The function takes an object as the argument. For example:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example 1:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">print(input_read)<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Example 2:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">print(input_scan)<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Example 3:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">print(\"abc\")<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Example 4:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">print(34)<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-print.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-76090 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-print.png\" alt=\"print() - input output functions in r \" width=\"1299\" height=\"741\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Learn to make your R programs more efficient and readable with <a href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-object-oriented-programming\/\"><strong>generic functions.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<h4>2. cat() function<\/h4>\n<p>We can also use the <strong><code>cat()<\/code><\/strong> function to display a string. The <strong><code>cat()<\/code><\/strong> function concatenates all of the arguments and forms a single string which it then prints. For example:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">cat(\"hello\", \"this\",\"is\",\"techvidvan\",12345,TRUE)<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/02\/input-output-features-in-r-cat.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-76121\" src=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/02\/input-output-features-in-r-cat.png\" alt=\"cat() - input output features in r\" width=\"1299\" height=\"741\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 id='write-in-a-file'>How to Write in a File?<\/h3>\n<p>The <strong><code>write.table()<\/code><\/strong> function is a very handy way to write tabular data to a file. For example:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">data &lt;- read.table(header=TRUE,text='\nsubject sex size\n1 M 8\n2 F 7\n3 F 9\n4 M NA\n5 F 7\n')\nwrite.table(data,\"\/home\/techvidvan\/Documents\/table\",row.names=F,col.names=F)<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-write.table-file-output-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-76098 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-write.table-file-output-1.png\" alt=\"write.table() file output - input output functions in r\" width=\"847\" height=\"549\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 id='read-from-a-file'>How to Read From a File?<\/h3>\n<p>Depending upon the data and the type of the file, there are multiple functions in R that can be used to read data from a file. they are:<\/p>\n<h4>1. scan() function<\/h4>\n<p>The <strong><code>scan()<\/code><\/strong> function can read data from a file as well. The data may be stored as a <a href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-data-frames\/\"><strong>data frame<\/strong><\/a> and, therefore, may require conversions into desired formats. For example:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">matrix_scan &lt;- matrix(scan(\"\/home\/techvidvan\/Documents\/matrix\"), nrow=3)\nmatrix_scan<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-read-from-file-using-scan-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-76097 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-read-from-file-using-scan-1.png\" alt=\"read from file using scan() - input output features in r\" width=\"1299\" height=\"741\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>2. readlines() function<\/h4>\n<p>We can also use the <strong><code>readlines()<\/code><\/strong> function to read a file one line at a time. For example:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">lines &lt;- file(\"\/home\/techvidvan\/Documents\/matrix\")\nreadLines(lines,n=3)<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-readLines.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-76096 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-readLines.png\" alt=\"readLines() - input output functions in r\" width=\"1299\" height=\"741\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>3. read.table() function<\/h4>\n<p>The <strong><code>read.table()<\/code><\/strong> function is another useful function that can be used to read data from a <a href=\"https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/doc\/manuals\/r-release\/R-intro.html#Reading-data-from-files\">file<\/a> and store it in the form of a table. For example:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">tabl &lt;- read.table(\"\/home\/techvidvan\/Documents\/table\")\ntabl<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-read-from-file-using-read.table10.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-76095 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/input-output-features-in-r-read-from-file-using-read.table10.png\" alt=\"read from file using read.table() - input output features in r\" width=\"1299\" height=\"741\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p>In this R tutorial, we learned the various functions in R that let us read user input or data from a file. We also learned about functions that allow us to print output to the terminal and to write data into files. Input and output functions add interactivity to an R program.<\/p>\n<p>These functions make R programs easier to use and also make them much more interactive.<\/p>\n<p>If you find any error while working on these Input and output functions in R.<\/p>\n<p>Ask our <strong>TechVidvan<\/strong> Experts.<\/p>\n<p>Keep practicing!!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Input and output functions are a programming language&#8217;s ability to talk and interact with its users. Have a look at many such functions in R. Today, we are going to learn about functions in&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":76120,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1020],"tags":[1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578],"class_list":["post-76076","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-r","tag-file-management-r","tag-input-output-functions-in-r","tag-r-input-output-features","tag-r-print","tag-r-read-table","tag-r-scan","tag-r-write-table"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Input &amp; Output Functions in R - scan(), cat(), write.table() - TechVidvan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Input &amp; output functions make R programs easier to use and more interactive. In this tutorial, learn the various functions like scan(), cat(), write.table(), readlines() etc.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Input &amp; Output Functions in R - scan(), cat(), write.table() - TechVidvan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Input &amp; output functions make R programs easier to use and more interactive. In this tutorial, learn the various functions like scan(), cat(), write.table(), readlines() etc.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"TechVidvan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/TechVidvan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-02-01T06:12:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Input-output-functions-in-R.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"802\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"420\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"TechVidvan Team\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@vidvantech\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@vidvantech\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"TechVidvan Team\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Input &amp; Output Functions in R - scan(), cat(), write.table() - TechVidvan","description":"Input & output functions make R programs easier to use and more interactive. In this tutorial, learn the various functions like scan(), cat(), write.table(), readlines() etc.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Input &amp; Output Functions in R - scan(), cat(), write.table() - TechVidvan","og_description":"Input & output functions make R programs easier to use and more interactive. In this tutorial, learn the various functions like scan(), cat(), write.table(), readlines() etc.","og_url":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/","og_site_name":"TechVidvan","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/TechVidvan\/","article_published_time":"2020-02-01T06:12:22+00:00","og_image":[{"width":802,"height":420,"url":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Input-output-functions-in-R.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"TechVidvan Team","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@vidvantech","twitter_site":"@vidvantech","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"TechVidvan Team","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/"},"author":{"name":"TechVidvan Team","@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/#\/schema\/person\/e9c26e74dd3d87421f7ada9433b8cd22"},"headline":"Input &amp; Output Functions in R &#8211; scan(), cat(), write.table()","datePublished":"2020-02-01T06:12:22+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/"},"wordCount":728,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Input-output-functions-in-R.jpg","keywords":["file management R","Input Output functions in R","R Input Output Features","R print()","R read.table","R scan","R write.table"],"articleSection":["R Tutorials"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/","url":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/","name":"Input &amp; Output Functions in R - scan(), cat(), write.table() - TechVidvan","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Input-output-functions-in-R.jpg","datePublished":"2020-02-01T06:12:22+00:00","description":"Input & output functions make R programs easier to use and more interactive. In this tutorial, learn the various functions like scan(), cat(), write.table(), readlines() etc.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Input-output-functions-in-R.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Input-output-functions-in-R.jpg","width":802,"height":420,"caption":"Input output functions in R"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/r-input-and-output-functions\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Input &amp; Output Functions in R &#8211; scan(), cat(), write.table()"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/#website","url":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/","name":"TechVidvan Blogs","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/#organization","name":"TechVidvan","url":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/techvidvan-logo-200x50-1.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/techvidvan-logo-200x50-1.webp","width":200,"height":50,"caption":"TechVidvan"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/TechVidvan\/","https:\/\/x.com\/vidvantech"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/#\/schema\/person\/e9c26e74dd3d87421f7ada9433b8cd22","name":"TechVidvan Team","description":"The TechVidvan Team delivers practical, beginner-friendly tutorials on programming, Java, Python, C++, DSA, AI, ML, data Science, Android, Flutter, MERN, Web Development, and technology. Our experts are here to help you upskill and excel in today\u2019s tech industry."}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/76076","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=76076"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/76076\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/76120"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=76076"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=76076"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=76076"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}