{"id":78130,"date":"2020-04-08T12:00:29","date_gmt":"2020-04-08T06:30:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/?p=78130"},"modified":"2024-08-22T20:05:13","modified_gmt":"2024-08-22T14:35:13","slug":"multiple-inheritance-in-python","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/multiple-inheritance-in-python\/","title":{"rendered":"Multiple Inheritance In Python with Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"

As we know, Python<\/strong> supports multiple inheritance<\/strong> which gives it a plus point<\/strong> over Java<\/strong>. Java<\/strong> doesn\u2019t<\/strong> support multiple inheritance<\/strong> since it can be conflicting<\/strong> in some ways.<\/p>\n

In this article, we\u2019ll explore those conflicts and find ways to resolve them using Python’s Method Resolution Order (MRO). MRO ensures a predictable and consistent way to determine which method to execute when multiple parents define methods with the same name. We’ll also look at practical examples to illustrate how multiple inheritance works and how MRO resolves method conflicts.<\/p>\n

What is Multiple Inheritance in Python?<\/h3>\n

Multiple Inheritance<\/strong> is a type of inheritance<\/strong> in which one class<\/strong> can inherit properties<\/strong>(attributes<\/strong> and methods<\/strong>) of more than one<\/strong> parent classes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

A practical example would be You.<\/p>\n

You may have inherited<\/strong> your eyes from your Mother and nose from your father. In Multiple inheritance<\/strong>, there is 1 child class<\/strong> inheriting from more<\/strong> than 1 parent classes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\"multiple<\/a><\/p>\n

Here, the child class C<\/strong> inherits from 2 parent classes, A and B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Let\u2019s code it!<\/p>\n

class hulk:\r\n    def smash(self):\r\n        return \"I smash\"\r\n\r\nclass banner:\r\n    def speak(self):\r\n        return \"I've got the brains!\"\r\n\r\n\r\nclass smarthulk(hulk, banner):\r\n    pass\r\n\r\ns1 = smarthulk()\r\nprint(s1.smash(), \"and\", s1.speak())<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
I smash and I\u2019ve got the brain!
\n>>><\/div>\n
Let\u2019s break this code down:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
  • class smarthulk inherits from two parents classes, hulk<\/strong> and banner<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
  • So smarthulk will have all methods<\/strong> and attributes<\/strong> of both its parent classes.<\/li>\n
  • We then create an object s1 of class smarthulk and call the methods smash()<\/strong> and speak()<\/strong> on it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    Easy right?<\/p>\n
    But the question here is- what happens when both<\/strong> the parent classes<\/strong> have methods<\/strong> or attributes<\/strong> with the same name<\/strong>?<\/p>\n
    Conflicts with Multiple Inheritance<\/h3>\n
    First, let\u2019s see what happens when the parent classes<\/strong> have attributes<\/strong> with conflicting names<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    class A():  \r\n    def __init__(self):\r\n        self.name = \"Tony Stark\"\r\n   \r\nclass B():  \r\n    def __init__(self):\r\n        self.name = \"Steve Rogers\"\r\n\r\nclass C(A, B):  \r\n    def __init__(self):\r\n        A.__init__(self)\r\n        B.__init__(self)<\/pre>\n
    Both the parent classes, A<\/strong> and B<\/strong> have the attribute \u2018name\u2019<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Now if we make an object<\/strong> of class C<\/strong>, let\u2019s see which parent class\u2019s \u2018name\u2019<\/strong> attribute it inherits<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    >>> c1 = C()\r\n>>> c1.name<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \u2018Steve Rogers\u2019
    \n>>><\/div>\n
    Even though class C<\/strong> inherits<\/strong> from both A<\/strong> and B<\/strong>, when we try to print<\/strong> the name attribute<\/strong> of the object of class C<\/strong>, we see \u2018Steve Rogers\u2019<\/strong> instead of \u2018Tony Stark\u2019<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Now, this can be conflicting right?<\/p>\n
    This is because when C<\/strong> calls<\/strong> the __init__<\/strong> method of class A<\/strong>, c1.name<\/strong> gets the value \u2018Tony Stark\u2019<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    But then C<\/strong> calls the __init__<\/strong> of class B<\/strong> and it overwrites<\/strong> the value<\/strong> of attribute c1.name<\/strong> and changes<\/strong> it to \u2018Steve Rogers\u2019<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Let\u2019s now see what happens when both <\/strong>these parent<\/strong> classes<\/strong> have methods<\/strong> with the same name<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    class A():  \r\n    def __init__(self):\r\n        self.name = \"Tony Stark\"\r\n\r\n    def display(self):\r\n        print(\"method of class A\")\r\n   \r\nclass B():  \r\n    def __init__(self):\r\n        self.name = \"Steve Rogers\"\r\n\r\n    def display(self):\r\n        print(\"method of class B\")\r\n  \r\nclass C(A, B):  \r\n    pass<\/pre>\n
    Here, both the parent classes A<\/strong> and B<\/strong> have methods with the name \u2018display\u2019<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Let\u2019s see which version of the display<\/strong> method gets invoked<\/strong> when we call<\/strong> it on an object<\/strong> of class C<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    >>> c1 = C()\r\n>>> c1.display()<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    method of class A
    \n>>><\/div>\n
    This time, the method of class A<\/strong> gets invoked<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Let\u2019s also see what happens when class C<\/strong> tries to override<\/strong> this method.<\/p>\n
    class A():  \r\n    def __init__(self):\r\n        self.name = \"Tony Stark\"\r\n\r\n    def display(self):\r\n        print(\"method of class A\")\r\n   \r\nclass B():  \r\n    def __init__(self):\r\n        self.name = \"Steve Rogers\"\r\n\r\n    def display(self):\r\n        print(\"method of class B\")\r\n  \r\n\r\nclass C(A, B):  \r\n    def display(self):\r\n        print(\"method of class C\")<\/pre>\n
    Let\u2019s call the display method again.<\/p>\n
    >>> c1 = C()\r\n>>> c1.display()<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    method of class C<\/div>\n
    Now, the interpreter calls<\/strong> display<\/strong> of C<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Losing your mind?<\/p>\n
    Well, this last discussion on Method Resolution Order(MRO)<\/strong> will make it perfectly clear to you.<\/p>\n
    Method Resolution Order<\/h3>\n
    We have modified<\/strong> our previous code<\/strong> to get a deeper understanding<\/strong> of what\u2019s happening with each __init__ call<\/strong>. Also, we have used super<\/strong> to invoke the __init__<\/strong> method of the superclass<\/strong> of C<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    class A():  \r\n    def __init__(self):\r\n        print(\"Starting __init__ of A\")\r\n        self.name = \"Tony Stark\"\r\n        print(\"ending __init__ of A\")\r\n\r\n    def display(self):\r\n        print(\"method of class A\")\r\n   \r\nclass B():  \r\n    def __init__(self):\r\n        print(\"Starting __init__ of B\")\r\n        self.name = \"Steve Rogers\"\r\n        print(\"ending __init__ of B\")\r\n        \r\n    def display(self):\r\n        print(\"method of class B\")\r\n  \r\n\r\nclass C(A, B):\r\n    def __init__(self):\r\n        print(\"Starting __init__ of C\")\r\n        super().__init__()\r\n        print(\"ending __init__ of C\")\r\n        \r\n    def display(self):\r\n        print(\"method of class C\")<\/pre>\n
    Test is in the Python shell:<\/p>\n
    >>> c1 = C()<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    Starting __init__ of C
    \nStarting __init__ of A
    \nending __init__ of A
    \nending __init__ of C<\/div>\n
    >>> c1.name<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \u2018Tony Stark\u2019<\/div>\n
    >>> c1.display()<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    method of class C
    \n>>><\/div>\n
    So when we create<\/strong> a new instance of class C<\/strong>, it calls<\/strong> its constructor<\/strong>, i.e, the __init__<\/strong> method of C<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    The super<\/strong> in the __init__<\/strong> of class C<\/strong> then calls<\/strong> the __init__<\/strong> method of the superclass<\/strong> of C<\/strong>. Note that only the __init__ of<\/strong> A<\/strong> gets called<\/strong> and that of B<\/strong> remains untouched<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Why? To understand this let\u2019s look at the MRO hierarchy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    >>> C.mro()<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    [<class ‘__main__.C’>, <class ‘__main__.A’>, <class ‘__main__.B’>, <class ‘object’>]<\/div>\n
    This shows the order<\/strong> in which MRO<\/strong> searches for a method in an inheritance hierarchy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    The MRO chain<\/strong> for C<\/strong> is: C -> A -> B<\/strong><\/p>\n
    The super() <\/strong>method simply calls<\/strong> the method<\/strong> of the next class<\/strong> in the hierarchy<\/strong>. Since we had a super() <\/strong>method in the __init__ of C<\/strong>, the __init__<\/strong> of the next class<\/strong>, i.e, A<\/strong> gets invoked<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    If we had a super()<\/strong> in the __init__ of A<\/strong>, it would have called<\/strong> the __init__ of B<\/strong>. (Since B comes next in the MRO chain).<\/p>\n
    (Note: object<\/strong> is the parent class<\/strong> from which every class inherits<\/strong> by default<\/strong> in Python<\/strong>).<\/p>\n
    Let\u2019s reason out how MRO<\/strong> takes place in Python:<\/p>\n
      \n
    • In the case of multiple inheritance<\/strong>, the attribute\/method<\/strong> is first looked<\/strong> up<\/strong> in the current class<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
    • If the interpreter<\/strong> does not find the said attribute\/method<\/strong>, then it searches<\/strong> for it in the next class<\/strong> in the MRO hierarchy<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
    • If it fails<\/strong> to find it in any of the classes<\/strong> in the hierarchy<\/strong>, it spits<\/strong> out an error message<\/strong> saying there is no definition<\/strong> of the attribute\/method<\/strong> you are looking for.<\/li>\n
    • In case of multiple parent classes, MRO searchers in a depth-first<\/strong> order followed by a left-right<\/strong> path.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      Now, getting back to our example code<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      When we call<\/strong> the \u2018name\u2019<\/strong> attribute<\/strong> on c1<\/strong>, the interpreter<\/strong> first searches<\/strong> for it in class C<\/strong>. When it doesn\u2019t<\/strong> find the attribute<\/strong>, it searches for it in the next class<\/strong> in the MRO chain<\/strong>, i.e. A<\/strong>. And finally displays<\/strong> the attribute\u2019s value<\/strong> once it finds<\/strong> it.<\/p>\n
      The same thing happens while calling<\/strong> the display method<\/strong> on c1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      The interpreter<\/strong> finds a definition<\/strong> of display method<\/strong> in class C<\/strong> and hence invokes class C\u2019s<\/strong> version of display<\/strong>. In case it doesn\u2019t find<\/strong> the method\u2019s definition<\/strong> in C<\/strong>, it moves on<\/strong> and searches deeper<\/strong> in the hierarchy<\/strong>. This is how MRO<\/strong> works<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Conclusion<\/h3>\n
      In this python article, we learned about the implementation<\/strong> of multiple inheritance<\/strong> in Python<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      We also saw what conflicts<\/strong> you might come across while working<\/strong> with python multiple inheritance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Then we learned how the interpreter<\/strong> uses the Method Resolution Order<\/strong> to determine<\/strong> which version of a method\/attribute<\/strong> gets called<\/strong> in case of multiple inheritance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
      Hope you got a clear understanding<\/strong> of what happens under the hood and how you can take advantage<\/strong> of multiple inheritance<\/strong> in your program<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
      As we know, Python supports multiple inheritance which gives it a plus point over Java. Java doesn\u2019t support multiple inheritance since it can be conflicting in some ways. In this article, we\u2019ll explore those...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":78134,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1053],"tags":[2368,2369,1454,2370,2371,2372],"class_list":["post-78130","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python","tag-method-resolution-order-in-python","tag-mro","tag-multiple-inheritance-in-python","tag-python-mro","tag-python-multiple-inheritance","tag-python-multiple-inheritance-example"],"yoast_head":"\nMultiple Inheritance In Python with Examples - TechVidvan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn multiple inheritance in python with examples. 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