{"id":79293,"date":"2020-06-29T09:00:37","date_gmt":"2020-06-29T03:30:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/?p=79293"},"modified":"2020-06-29T09:00:37","modified_gmt":"2020-06-29T03:30:37","slug":"python-file-read-write","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/python-file-read-write\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Read File and Python Write to File"},"content":{"rendered":"

In all your previous programs, you might have dealt<\/strong> with some sort<\/strong> of data<\/strong>. You might have asked the user<\/strong> for some data<\/strong> as input<\/strong>. Your program then might have processed<\/strong> it and produced<\/strong> some output data<\/strong> on the screen<\/strong>. But, one thing worth noticing is that as soon as your program finishes<\/strong> its execution<\/strong>, you lose<\/strong> this data<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

In real life applications though, you\u2019ll need to safely store<\/strong> your data<\/strong> somewhere.<\/p>\n

In this article, you\u2019ll learn where you can store<\/strong> this data. <\/strong>You\u2019ll learn how you can store<\/strong>, retrieve<\/strong> as well as manipulate<\/strong> this data<\/strong>. In other words, you will learn Python read file<\/strong>, Python write to file<\/strong>, Python open file <\/strong>and python close file<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

What is Python File?<\/h3>\n

When we talked about storing our data somewhere, we meant storing our data into files.<\/strong><\/p>\n

A file is a container<\/strong> that stores information<\/strong>, right? In computer systems, a file<\/strong> is a contiguous<\/strong> set<\/strong> of bytes. <\/strong>Data<\/strong> in a computer system<\/strong> is always stored<\/strong> into files<\/strong>. Files can take different forms depending on the user requirements like data files<\/strong>, text files<\/strong>, program executable files<\/strong> etc.<\/p>\n

A computer processes these files by translating<\/strong> them into 0s<\/strong> and 1s<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

So all the text<\/strong>, images<\/strong>, videos<\/strong> that you store on your computer are nothing but a series<\/strong> of 0s<\/strong> and 1s<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Every file contains three main parts:<\/p>\n

1. Header:<\/strong> This contains information about the file i.e. file name<\/strong>, file type<\/strong>, file size<\/strong> etc.
\n2. Data:<\/strong> This is the actual information\/content<\/strong> stored in the file.
\n3. End of file:<\/strong> This is a special character<\/strong> that marks the end<\/strong> of the file<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Also, in a file, a new line character (\u2018\\n\u2019)<\/strong> marks the end<\/strong> of a line or start<\/strong> of a new line.<\/p>\n

Python Open File<\/h3>\n

You can open file<\/strong> in Python using the built-in function open()<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Syntax:<\/strong><\/p>\n

open(filename, access_mode)<\/pre>\n
Parameters<\/strong><\/h3>\n
1. filename:<\/strong><\/p>\n
This is the name<\/strong> of the file<\/strong> we want to open<\/strong>. If the file resides<\/strong> in the same directory<\/strong> as your program<\/strong>, you can simply specify<\/strong> the file name<\/strong>. But if the file is not present<\/strong> in the same directory<\/strong>, you need to specify<\/strong> the full path<\/strong> of the file<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
2. access_mode:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Access mode specifies<\/strong> what you want to do<\/strong> with the file<\/strong>. The default<\/strong> mode is read mode \u2018r\u2019<\/strong>. You\u2019ll find a list of all the access modes later in this article.<\/p>\n
Returns<\/h3>\n
The open() function<\/strong> returns a file object, also called \u201chandle\u201d<\/strong>. Python treats the file as an object<\/strong> and we use this file object<\/strong> in our program to access<\/strong> the contents<\/strong> of the file.<\/p>\n
Let\u2019s look at an example.<\/p>\n
We have an already existing file in our system – \u201cmyfile.txt\u201d<\/strong>. Let\u2019s open this file in the Python shell<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> file_obj = open(\"myfile.txt\", \"r\")   # file in the same directory\n>>> file_obj = open(\"E:\/folder\/file.txt\")  # specify full path if not in the same directory\n<\/pre>\n
Python Access Modes<\/h3>\n
The second argument to open()<\/strong> is the access_mode<\/strong>. The access_mode specifies<\/strong> the mode<\/strong> in which you want to open<\/strong> the file<\/strong>. Modes include \u201cr\u201d<\/strong> for reading<\/strong>, \u201cw\u201d<\/strong> for writing<\/strong> and \u201ca\u201d<\/strong> for appending<\/strong>. This argument is optional<\/strong> and takes the default value<\/strong> of \u201cr\u201d<\/strong>, i.e., the read mode<\/strong> if we pass no value<\/strong> to it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Mode<\/b><\/td>\nFunction<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
r<\/b><\/td>\nOpen a file for reading. This is the default mode.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
w<\/b><\/td>\nOpen a file for writing. If the file already exists, overwrite its contents. Create a new file if the file does not exist.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a<\/b><\/td>\nOpen a file for appending. Preserve the file\u2019s contents, add new data to the end of the file.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
r+<\/b><\/td>\nOpen a file for reading and writing.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
w+<\/b><\/td>\nAllows to write as well as read from the file.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a+<\/b><\/td>\nAllows appending as well as reading from the file.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
By default, open() function<\/strong> opens a file in text mode<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
We can specify binary mode<\/strong> by adding \u201cb\u201d<\/strong> to any of the modes (e.g., \u201cwb\u201d<\/strong> – write to binary data<\/strong>, \u201crb+\u201d<\/strong> – read<\/strong> and write to binary<\/strong> data<\/strong>).<\/p>\n
Python Close File<\/h3>\n
Many programmers often forget to close a file<\/strong> after they\u2019re done processing<\/strong> it. This may lead to unwanted data loss<\/strong> and data corruption<\/strong>. Closing a file also helps in freeing<\/strong> up<\/strong> all the resources<\/strong> tied to your program for working with the file.<\/p>\n
Therefore, it is always a good practice to close<\/strong> your file<\/strong> once you\u2019re done working with it. We do this using a simple in-built Python function<\/strong> – close()<\/strong>. We just need to call<\/strong> the close()<\/strong> method on the file object<\/strong> and Voila! The file is now closed.<\/p>\n
 No data lost<\/strong>, no resources left<\/strong> still tied<\/strong> to the file<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> file_obj = open(\"myfile.txt\", \"r\")\n>>> file_obj.close()\n<\/pre>\n
Python Read Data from a File<\/h3>\n
Let\u2019s now come to the real and fun part: operating<\/strong> on the file<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Python provides us with various functions to read<\/strong> from a file<\/strong>. One way to read individual lines<\/strong> from a file without using any function is by using the \u201cfor\u201d loop<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> f = open(\"myfile.txt\")\n>>> for line in f:\n        print(line)\n<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Hello world! This is line 1.This is the 2nd line.<\/p>\n
And this is line 3.<\/p>\n
>>><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
This loops<\/strong> over the lines in myfile.txt<\/strong> and prints <\/strong>them one<\/strong> by one<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
The functions we have at our disposal to read from python file are:<\/strong><\/p>\n
1. read(size = -1)<\/h3>\n
This read size number<\/strong> of bytes<\/strong> from the file<\/strong>. If size<\/strong> is not passed<\/strong>, the entire file<\/strong> is read<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Follow along through the session at Python shell<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
>>> f.read(5)      # first call\n<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
‘Hello’<\/span><\/div>\n
>>> f.read(10)     # second call<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
‘ world! Th’<\/span><\/div>\n
>>> f.read()      # third call<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
‘is is line 1.\\nThis is the 2nd line.\\nAnd this is line 3.\\n’<\/span>>>> <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
The first call to read() <\/strong>reads the first 5 bytes as 5 was passed to the size argument<\/strong>. The second call reads next 10 bytes. And the third call reads the rest of the file as we provide no size argument<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
2. readline(size = -1)<\/h3>\n
This reads size number of bytes<\/strong> from the line<\/strong>. If we pass no argument value<\/strong>, it reads<\/strong> the entire line<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Look at the example code in the Python shell:<\/p>\n
>>> f.readline()\n<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
‘Hello world! This is line 1.\\n’<\/span><\/div>\n
>>> f.readline()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
‘This is the 2nd line.\\n’<\/span><\/div>\n
>>> f.readline()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
‘And this is line 3.\\n’<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
Notice how the first call to readline<\/strong> returns 1st line, the second call returns 2nd line and so on.<\/p>\n
3. readlines()<\/h3>\n
This function reads all the lines from a file<\/strong> and returns<\/strong> a list<\/strong> of the lines<\/strong>, separating<\/strong> them from one another with commas<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> f.readlines()<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
[‘Hello world! This is line 1.\\n’, ‘This is the 2nd line.\\n’, ‘And this is line 3.\\n’]<\/div>\n
Python Writing data into a File<\/h3>\n
Writing<\/strong> into a file is just as easy as reading<\/strong> from it. All we need to do is open a file<\/strong> in write mode<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
>>> f = open(\"myfile.txt\" , \"w\")<\/pre>\n
Then the in-built function<\/strong> for writing<\/strong> into the file object<\/strong> will take care of the rest.<\/p>\n
1. write(string)<\/h3>\n
This function<\/strong> takes a string<\/strong> as an argument<\/strong> and writes<\/strong> it into the file<\/strong>. This function returns the number of characters<\/strong> written into the file.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> f.write(\"I am writing new text into the file\\n\")<\/pre>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
37<\/div>\n
2. writelines(list_of_strings)<\/h3>\n
This function takes a list of strings<\/strong> as an argument<\/strong> and writes<\/strong> those strings<\/strong> into the file<\/strong>. Be sure to append a \u201c\\n\u201d<\/strong> at the end of a string<\/strong> to make it act as a line<\/strong>. The function does not append<\/strong> any line endings<\/strong> to the elements of the list of strings.<\/p>\n
Code:<\/strong><\/p>\n
>>> lines = [\"Second line\\n\", \"Third line\\n\", \"Fourth line\\n\"]\n>>> f.writelines(lines)\n>>> f.close()\n<\/pre>\n
Once you close<\/strong> the file<\/strong>, all changes<\/strong> get committed<\/strong> to it.<\/p>\n
You can see the changes in the file:<\/p>\n
\"python<\/a><\/p>\n
Python File Pointer Position<\/h3>\n
Python provides us with 2 in-built methods<\/strong> when it comes to working with the file pointer<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
1. tell()<\/h3>\n
The tell()<\/strong> method returns<\/strong> the current position<\/strong> of the file pointer<\/strong>. That is, it returns the number of bytes<\/strong> from the beginning<\/strong> of the file<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
2. seek(offset, whence)<\/h3>\n
The seek method<\/strong> lets you control<\/strong> the position<\/strong> of the file pointer<\/strong>. This method takes two parameters<\/strong>:<\/p>\n
a. offset –<\/strong> The number<\/strong> of positions(bytes) to move forward<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
b. whence –<\/strong> This is optional<\/strong>. This denotes the position<\/strong> from where you want to move forward<\/strong>. It can take three values<\/strong>:<\/p>\n
    \n
  • 0: move forward from the start<\/strong> of the file.<\/li>\n
  • 1: seek relative to the current<\/strong> position.<\/li>\n
  • 2: move backwards from the end<\/strong> of the file.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    Now, look at this session of Python shell.<\/p>\n
    >>> f.readline()\n<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    ‘I am writing a new line to the file \\n’<\/span><\/div>\n
    >>> f.tell()<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    38<\/span><\/div>\n
    >>> f.seek(20)<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    20<\/span><\/div>\n
    >>> f.tell()<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    20<\/span><\/div>\n
    >>> f.read()\n<\/pre>\n
    Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
    ‘ine to the file \\nSecond line\\nThird line\\nFourth line\\n’<\/span>>>><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
    Python File Methods<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Method<\/b><\/td>\nWhat it does<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    close()<\/span><\/td>\nCloses the file.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    flush()<\/span><\/td>\nFlushes the internal buffer.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    fileno()<\/span><\/td>\nReturns the file descriptor of the file.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    next()<\/span><\/td>\nReturns the next line from the file.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    read(size)<\/span><\/td>\nReads size number of bytes from the file. Reads the entire file if you don\u2019t pass any argument value.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    readline(size)<\/span><\/td>\nReads one line from a file.\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    readlines()<\/span><\/td>\nReads the entire file and returns a list of the lines.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    seek(offset, whence)<\/span><\/td>\nLets us control the position of the file pointer.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    tell()<\/span><\/td>\nReturns the current position of the file pointer.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    truncate(size)<\/span><\/td>\nIt truncates the file to the specified size.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    writable()<\/span><\/td>\nReturns True if we can write into the file.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    write(string)<\/span><\/td>\nWrites string into the file.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    writelines(list_of_strings)<\/span><\/td>\nWrites each element of the list_of_strings into the file.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    Summary<\/h3>\n
    In this article, we learned what files are and how we can access<\/strong> and manipulate<\/strong> them. We saw Python read file<\/strong>, write file<\/strong>, Open file<\/strong> and close file<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Storing<\/strong> your program\u2019s data<\/strong> into a file increases<\/strong> the application<\/strong> and usability<\/strong> of your program<\/strong>. The utility<\/strong> of your application is also increased<\/strong> when you are able to get data<\/strong> from a file<\/strong> into your program<\/strong>. Now that you know how to work with files (open, process and close them)<\/strong>, you can build better programs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    In all your previous programs, you might have dealt with some sort of data. You might have asked the user for some data as input. Your program then might have processed it and produced...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":79312,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1053],"tags":[2985,2986,2987,2988],"class_list":["post-79293","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python","tag-python-close-file","tag-python-open-file","tag-python-read-file","tag-python-write-to-file"],"yoast_head":"\nPython Read File and Python Write to File - TechVidvan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn Python File I\/O with syntax and examples - Python read file, Python write file, Open file in Python, Close file in Python\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/python-file-read-write\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Python Read File and Python Write to File - 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