{"id":81018,"date":"2021-06-25T09:00:19","date_gmt":"2021-06-25T03:30:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/?p=81018"},"modified":"2021-06-25T09:00:19","modified_gmt":"2021-06-25T03:30:19","slug":"operators-in-cpp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techvidvan.com\/tutorials\/operators-in-cpp\/","title":{"rendered":"Operators in C++ – Types and Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"

In this article, we will discuss operators in C++.<\/p>\n

Operators form the basis of a programming language. Operators are symbols that operate on operands. These operands can be variables or values. Operators help us to perform mathematical and logical computations.<\/p>\n

Types of Operators in C++<\/h3>\n

In C++, operators are classified into 6 types:<\/p>\n

1. Arithmetic Operators in C++<\/h4>\n

We use arithmetic operators to perform mathematical operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Operator<\/b><\/td>\nOperation<\/b><\/td>\nDescription<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
+<\/span><\/td>\nAddition<\/span><\/td>\nAdds two values<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
–<\/span><\/td>\nSubtraction<\/span><\/td>\nSubtracts one value from another<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
*<\/span><\/td>\nMultiplication<\/span><\/td>\nMultiplies two values<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/<\/span><\/td>\nDivision<\/span><\/td>\nDivides one value by another<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
%<\/span><\/td>\nModulus<\/span><\/td>\nComputes the remainder<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
++<\/span><\/td>\nIncrement<\/span><\/td>\nIncreases value of a variable by 1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
—<\/span><\/td>\nDecrement<\/span><\/td>\nDecreases value of a variable by 1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Here, Increment (++) and decrement (–) are unary operators, which means these work with a single operand. Rest are binary operators.<\/p>\n

Example of C++ Arithmetic Operators<\/strong><\/p>\n

#include <iostream>\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() \n{\n    int a, b;\n    a = 8;\n    b = 3;\n\n    \/\/ Addition\n    cout << \"a + b = \" << (a + b) << endl;\n\n    \/\/ Subtraction\n    cout << \"a - b = \" << (a - b) << endl;\n\n    \/\/ Multiplication\n    cout << \"a * b = \" << (a * b) << endl;\n\n    \/\/ Division\n    cout << \"a \/ b = \" << (a \/ b) << endl;\n\n    \/\/ Modulus\n    cout << \"a % b = \" << (a % b) << endl;\n    \n    \/\/ Increment\n    cout << \"++a = \" << ++a << endl;\n    \n    \/\/Decrement\n    cout<< \"--b = \" << --b <<endl;\n\n    return 0;\n}\n<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
a + b = 11
\na – b = 5
\na * b = 24
\na \/ b = 2
\na % b = 2
\n++a = 9
\n–b = 2<\/div>\n
2. Assignment Operators in C++<\/h4>\n
To assign value to a variable, we use assignment operators. Both the operands should be of same data type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Operator<\/b><\/td>\nExample<\/b><\/td>\nEquivalent to<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
=<\/span><\/td>\nx = y<\/span><\/td>\nx = y<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
+=<\/span><\/td>\nx += y<\/span><\/td>\nx = x + y<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-=<\/span><\/td>\nx -= y<\/span><\/td>\nx = x – y<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
*=<\/span><\/td>\nx *= y<\/span><\/td>\nx = x * y<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/=<\/span><\/td>\nx \/= y<\/span><\/td>\nx = x \/ y<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
%=<\/span><\/td>\nx %= y<\/span><\/td>\nx = x % y<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Example of C++ Assignment Operators<\/strong><\/p>\n
#include <iostream>\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() \n{\n    int x, y;\n    x = 8;\n    y = 3;\n\n    cout << \"x = \" << x << endl;\n    cout << \"y = \" << y << endl;\n    \n    x \/= y;\n    cout << \"x = \" << x;\n\n    return 0;\n}\n<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
x = 8
\ny = 3
\nx = 2<\/div>\n
3. Relational Operators in C++<\/h4>\n
Relational operators are used to compare two operands. The result of comparison is either true or false. In case of true, it returns 1 and 0 when false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Operator<\/b><\/td>\nOperation<\/b><\/td>\nExample<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
==<\/span><\/td>\nEqual to<\/span><\/td>\n5==7 returns 0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
!=<\/span><\/td>\nNot equal to<\/span><\/td>\n5!=7 returns 1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
><\/span><\/td>\nGreater than<\/span><\/td>\n7>5 returns 1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<<\/span><\/td>\nLess than<\/span><\/td>\n7<5 returns 0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
>=<\/span><\/td>\nGreater than or equal to<\/span><\/td>\n5>=7 returns 0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<=<\/span><\/td>\nLess than or equal to<\/span><\/td>\n5<=7 returns 1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Example of C++ Relational Operators<\/strong><\/p>\n
#include <iostream>\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() \n{\n   int x, y;\n   x=5;\n   y=9;\n   bool result;\n   \n   result = (x!=y);\n   cout<<\"5!=9 is \"<<result<<endl;\n   result = (x>y);\n   cout<<\"5>9 is \"<<result;\n    \n    return 0;\n}\n<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
5!=9 is 1
\n5>9 is 0<\/div>\n
4. Logical Operators in C++<\/h4>\n
Logical operators determine the logic between operands and check if expressions are true or false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Operator<\/b><\/td>\nOperation<\/b><\/td>\nDescription<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
&&<\/span><\/td>\nLogical AND<\/span><\/td>\nReturns true(1) only if both operands are true<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
||<\/span><\/td>\nLogical OR<\/span><\/td>\nReturns true(1) if atleast one of the operands is true<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
!<\/span><\/td>\nLogical NOT<\/span><\/td>\nReturns true(1) if the operand is false and false(0) when the operand is true.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Logical NOT (!) is a unary operator.<\/span><\/p>\n
Example of C++ Logical Operators<\/strong><\/p>\n
#include <iostream>\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() \n{\n   int x=3, y=9;\n   bool result;\n   \n   result = (x>4) && (y>6);        \/\/false\n   cout<<\"(x>4) && (y>6) is \"<<result<<endl;\n   result = (x>4) || (y>6);            \/\/true\n   cout<<\"(x>4) || (y>6) is \"<<result<<endl;\n   result = !(x<4);                       \/\/false\n   cout<<\"!(x<4) is \"<<result;\n    \n    return 0;\n}\n<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
(x>4) && (y>6) is 0
\n(x>4) || (y>6) is 1
\n!(x<4) is 0<\/div>\n
5. Bitwise Operators in C++<\/h4>\n
We use bitwise operators to perform bit-level operations. Values of both operands are first converted into binary before operating on them.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Operator<\/b><\/td>\nOperation<\/b><\/td>\nDescription<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
&<\/span><\/td>\nBitwise AND<\/span><\/td>\nAND operation bit by bit.\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
|<\/span><\/td>\nBitwise OR<\/span><\/td>\nOR operation bit by bit.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
^<\/span><\/td>\nBitwise XOR<\/span><\/td>\nExclusive OR operation bit by bit.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
~<\/span><\/td>\nBitwise One\u2019s Complement<\/span><\/td>\nConverts operand into its one\u2019s complement form. <\/span>It is a unary operator.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<<<\/span><\/td>\nBitwise left shift<\/span><\/td>\nShifts all bits by a specified number of bits to the left.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
>><\/span><\/td>\nBitwise right shift<\/span><\/td>\nShifts all bits by a specified number of bits to the right.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
The right hand side operand of << and >> operators specifies the number of bits to be shifted.<\/span><\/p>\n
Example of C++ Bitwise Operators<\/strong><\/p>\n
#include <iostream>\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() \n{\n   int x=14, y=20;\n   \n   cout<<\"x&y = \"<< (x&y) <<endl;\n   cout<<\"x|y = \"<< (x|y) <<endl;\n   cout<<\"x^y = \"<< (x^y) <<endl;\n   cout<<\"1's Complement of x is \"<< (~x) <<endl;\n   cout<<\"Left shift x by 2 bits, result = \"<< (x<<2) <<endl;\n   cout<<\"Right shift y by 1 bit, result = \"<< (y>>1);\n    \n    return 0;\n}\n<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
x&y = 4
\nx|y = 30
\nx^y = 26
\n1’s Complement of x is -15
\nLeft shift x by 2 bits, result = 56
\nRight shift y by 1 bit, result = 10<\/div>\n
6. Other Operators in C++<\/h4>\n
Some other operators in C++ are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Operator<\/b><\/td>\nDescription<\/b><\/td>\nExample<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
sizeof()<\/span><\/td>\nComputes size of its operand in bytes<\/span><\/td>\nsizeof(int);\u00a0 \/\/4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Condition ? exp1 : exp2\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nIt is the ternary conditional operator. If the condition is true, it returns exp1, else exp2.<\/span><\/td>\n(9>5) ? cout<<\u201ctrue\u201d : cout<<\u201cfalse\u201d;\u00a0 \/\/true<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
, (Comma)<\/span><\/td>\nIt first evaluates the first operand followed by the second and then returns the result of the second operand.<\/span><\/td>\nint i = (5, 10);\u00a0 \/\/i=10<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
. (dot)<\/span><\/td>\nUsed to access members of struct and class.<\/span><\/td>\nobj.age=25;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-> (arrow)<\/span><\/td>\nUsed with pointers to access members of struct and class.<\/span><\/td>\nptr->age=25;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
& (\u2018Address of\u2019 Pointer operator)<\/span><\/td>\nReturns the memory address.<\/span><\/td>\na = 100;<\/span><\/p>\n
p = &a;\u00a0 \/\/p=some memory address<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
* (\u2018Indirection\u2019 Pointer operator)<\/span><\/td>\nPointer to a variable.<\/span><\/td>\na = 100;<\/span><\/p>\n
p = &a;<\/span><\/p>\n
v = *p;\u00a0 \/\/v=100<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(type) Cast<\/span><\/td>\nConverts one data type to another.<\/span><\/td>\ndouble a = 12.85467;<\/span><\/p>\n
int b;<\/span><\/p>\n
b = (int) a;\u00a0 \/\/b=12<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Precedence of Operators in C++<\/h3>\n
In the table given below, the precedence of operators decreases from top to bottom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Operator<\/b><\/td>\nDescription<\/b><\/td>\nAssociativity<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
::<\/span><\/td>\nScope resolution<\/span><\/td>\nLeft to right<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Postfix Unary<\/span><\/p>\n
++ —<\/span><\/p>\n
()<\/span><\/p>\n
[]<\/span><\/p>\n
. -><\/span><\/td>\n
Increment Decrement<\/span>Function call<\/span><\/p>\n
Subscript<\/span><\/p>\n
Member access<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Prefix Unary<\/span><\/p>\n
++ —<\/span><\/p>\n
+ –<\/span><\/p>\n
! ~<\/span><\/p>\n
(type)<\/span><\/p>\n
*<\/span><\/p>\n
&<\/span><\/p>\n
sizeof()<\/span><\/td>\n
Increment Decrement<\/span>Unary plus minus<\/span><\/p>\n
Logical NOT, Bitwise complement<\/span><\/p>\n
Cast<\/span><\/p>\n
Dereference<\/span><\/p>\n
Address of\/reference<\/span><\/p>\n
size of operand in bytes<\/span><\/td>\n
Right to left<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
.* .-><\/span><\/td>\nPointer to member<\/span><\/td>\nLeft to right<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
* \/ %<\/span><\/p>\n
+ –<\/span><\/td>\n
Arithmetic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<< >><\/span><\/td>\nBitwise left shift, Bitwise right shift<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
< <=<\/span><\/p>\n
> >=<\/span><\/p>\n
== !=<\/span><\/td>\n
Relational\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
&<\/span><\/p>\n
^<\/span><\/p>\n
|<\/span><\/td>\n
Bitwise AND<\/span><\/p>\n
Bitwise XOR<\/span><\/p>\n
Bitwise OR<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
&&<\/span><\/p>\n
||<\/span><\/td>\n
Logical AND<\/span><\/p>\n
Logical OR<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
?:<\/span><\/td>\nTernary Conditional<\/span><\/td>\nRight to left<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
=\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
+= -=\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
*= \/= %=\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
<<= >>=\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
&= ^= |=\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n
Assignment<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
,<\/span><\/td>\nComma\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nLeft to right<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Example to illustrate operator precedence in C++<\/strong><\/p>\n
#include <iostream>\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() {\n  int result1 = 5 + 10 \/ 3;\n  int result2 = (5 + 10) \/ 3;\n  cout<<result1<<endl;\n  cout<<result2<<endl;\n  result1==result2 ? cout<<\"Equal\" : cout<<\"Unequal\";\n  return 0;\n}<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
8
\n5
\nUnequal<\/div>\n
Observe that we obtained different results for both the expressions because of operator precedence.<\/p>\n
Summary<\/h3>\n
From this article, we learnt operators in C++. In C++, operators are mainly divided into 6 categories. We covered operators of each category with examples followed by the precedence of these operators.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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