Python Tutorial – Set the pace, learn Python from the base

My favorite language for maintainability is Python. It has simple, clean syntax, object encapsulation, good library support, and optional named parameters.

– Bram Cohen

Python is trending now and will remain in the limelight for the next few decades. Everyone wants to learn it and build a career that pays well.

In this Python introduction tutorial, we will talk about history, features, applications, constructs, implementation, and reasons to learn Python.

So, Let’s get started!

Python Tutorial

Python is a general-purpose programming language that is interpreted and high-level. It focusses on readability and simple syntax. It has English like syntax and reading a python code is similar to reading an English sentence.

Python offers all the functionalities one might ever need for programming tasks.

History of Python

In December 1989, Guido Van Rossum was searching for a hobby project to keep him occupied around Christmas week. Since he had already been planning to write a new scripting language descended from ABC, that would also appeal to Unix/C hackers, he ended up writing an interpreter for it.

Being a big fan of the British comedy troupe Monty Python, he chose to call the project ‘Python’ in an irreverent mood.

Today, it is one of the most widely-used programming languages in the world. The list of top programming languages by the IEEE Spectrum has it at #1 and the TIOBE Index has it at #3. It is used for a variety of applications and it’s a very popular language.

Python is now also being used as an introductory language to programming for university students.

Features of Python

Now in the Python Tutorial, let’s talk about some amazing features of Python programming language:

1. User-Friendly

Python’s syntax is simple. It’s much like writing in English, and this is why it is easy to read (and understand) and write code in Python. Python code is concise. Unlike Java, you can get things done in less lines of code.

This is Hello, world! in Python:

print(“Hello, world!”)

2. Open-Source and Community

Python is open-source and its source code is available to the public for free. One great thing about Python is its large community that’s supportive and also always trying to improve it. So if you run into an issue while coding in Python, remember that StackOverflow has over 1,247,320 questions for Python.

3. Prototyping

Because of Python’s simple syntax and readability, developers are more productive and can perform fast prototyping. This gives us the proof-of-concept and project requirements and also tells us about the team’s capabilities. It also gives us the Minimum Viable Product (MVP).

4. Expressive

Python is expressive and lets us focus on what we want to do instead of the trivial things.

What’s expressive power? Consider two languages A and B. If all programs in A can be written in B using local transformations, but not all of those in B can be written in A, then B is more expressive than A.

5. Portable

Code you write on Windows can be transferred to Mac as it is and the other way around. When you write Python code for one machine, you don’t need to make changes to it to run it elsewhere. This is excluding any system-dependent features.

6. High-level

As we said above, Python is a high-level language. For programmers, there is no need to remember system architecture or manage memory.

Python is also programmer-friendly.

7. Interpreted

While other languages like Java and C++ are compiled, Python is interpreted. Internally, the source code converts to bytecode.

Python code executes line by line and so is easier to debug. Interpreting does make it slower compared to Java, but the difference is not much when the code is huge.

8. Object-Oriented

Python is an object-oriented language and also supports functional programming. It can model the real world.

Python supports both object-oriented programming and procedure-oriented programming. And it also supports multiple inheritances (Java doesn’t).

9. Dynamic Typing

As a programmer, you do not need to declare a data type for a value in advance- this is decided at runtime. This can introduce some overhead at runtime.

Python follows the principle of duck typing: “If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck”.

10. Extensible and Embeddable

Python is both – extensible and embeddable. You can borrow code from other languages (like C++) to extend Python, and also embed it in code that is in other languages to allow scripting.

11. Large Standard Library

One of Python’s best features is its large standard library.

Since Python focusses on letting you focus on what’s important, it has thousands of libraries so you don’t have to reinvent the wheel.

These are for everything from regular expressions, documentation generation, image manipulation, unit testing, web browsers, databases, CGI, and email.

Python Applications

Python is everywhere. There is nothing you can’t do with it.

Now in this Python tutorial, Let’s take a quick look at where it finds use.

• Scripting – Python is great for server-side and other scripting
• Data Science
• Machine Learning
• Artificial Intelligence
• GUI and Game development
• Web development
• Computer Vision (CV)/ Image manipulation
• Robotics
• Web Scraping
• Network Programming
• Numeric and Scientific Computing
• Enterprise applications

Many big companies use it or have used it for their products and services.

Python Constructs – Some Basic Structure

Now that you know what Python is, let’s learn what it’s like.

1. Python Functions

Functions are a group of statements given a name so we can use them whenever we want. We can call them in a program whenever and as many times as we want.

2. Python Classes and Objects

Python is object-oriented, it can model the real world. The two most basic object-oriented concepts are classes and objects.

A class is an abstract data type that acts as a blueprint for objects of its kind. It holds no values itself. An object is an instance of a class and has properties and behavior.

3. Modules and Packages in Python

Modules are collections of related classes and functions. And packages are collections of related modules.

4. Data Structures in Python

Python has many different data structures like lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries.

5. Python Comments

Python also has comments and docstrings.

Implementations of Python

Python comes in various flavors. The most widely used implementation of Python is CPython, which we will use in this series of tutorials.

Other flavours of Python are:

1. CPython

Written in C, CPython is the most widely accepted and standard implementation of Python. It is the reference implementation that other Python interpreters follow and is maintained by the Python Software Foundation.

2. Jython

Jython, written in Java, allows Python code to seamlessly interact with Java libraries and frameworks. The Jython code compiles to Java bytecode, enabling Python scripts to run on any Java platform.

3. IronPython

Written in C#, IronPython is designed to integrate tightly with the .NET framework. It can function as an extensibility layer for application frameworks written in any .NET language, offering the power of Python in a .NET environment.

4. BRython

Brython, or Browser Python, runs directly in the web browser, making it possible to write Python code that manipulates the DOM, just like JavaScript. It allows developers to use Python for client-side scripting in web applications.

5. RubyPython

RubyPython acts as a bridge between the Python and Ruby interpreters, enabling the two languages to interoperate. It marshals data between the Python and Ruby virtual machines, allowing developers to leverage the strengths of both languages in a single application.

6. PyPy

PyPy is an implementation of Python written in Python itself, specifically designed to be fast and efficient. It includes a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler, which makes it much faster than CPython for many workloads, and it is highly experimental, making it ideal for trying out new features.

7. MicroPython

MicroPython is designed to run on microcontrollers and embedded systems. It uses a special MicroPython board to run Python code on bare metal, making it ideal for IoT projects and other applications requiring low-level hardware interaction.

Running Python

Python ships with an in-built interpreter (IDLE) that you can also use as a calculator. You can use an IDE too like PyCharm or the Jupyter Lab.

Python files may have different extensions:

• .py – Python file
• .pyc – Compiled bytecode
• .pyd – Windows DLL file
• .pyo – File created with optimizations
• .pyw – Script for Windows
• .pyz – Script archive

You can install new packages using its package manager pip and find new packages in the PyPI (Python Package Index).

Why Learn Python?

Yes, Python is easy to learn. But why should you learn it?

Let’s find out.

• Python is the preferred language for Data Science and Machine Learning.
• They are the future and provide well-paying and stable jobs.
• Python is fun.
• Jobs in Python pays well and jobs will be stable in the future.

The Zen of Python

Python supports dynamic typing (duck typing) and emphasizes the following principles (you can get these by typing “import this” in the interpreter) –

Summary

Let’s conclude this Python Tutorial with a quick revision.

We have discussed what is Python and how it came into existence. Further, we also learned about its features and the reasons behind why one should learn Python.

We have also explored how Python is implemented and how it runs. I hope now you are clear with the basics of Python from our Python Tutorial.